Rubber Based Bionanocomposites (eBook)

Dr. Visakh P.M.  is currently a research associate (Under the guidance of Prof. Olga B Nazarenko) at the Department of Ecology and Basic Safety, Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU), Russia. He received his PhD, MPhil and MSc degreases from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He has edited 20 books from Scrivener (Wiley), Springer, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and Elsevier. He has been invited as a visiting researcher to Russia (2014 to the present), Portugal (2013, 2014), Czech Republic (2012, 2013) Italy (2009, 2012), Argentina (2010) Sweden (2010, 2011, 2012), Switzerland (2010), Spain (2011, 2012), Slovenia (2011), France (2011), Belgium (2012) and Austria (2012). He has attended and presented at more than 28 conferences, has 303 citations and his h-index is 9. Dr. Visakh is also currently a guest editor for 4 international journals. His research interests include polymer nanocomposites, bio-nanocomposites and rubber-based nanocomposites, fire retardant polymers, liquid crystalline polymers and silicon sensors.

Contents 6
About the Editor 7
1 Rubber Based Bionanocomposites: Preparation and State of Art 8
Abstract 8
1.1 Cellulose Based Rubber Nanocomposites 8
1.2 Chitin Based Rubber Nanocomposites 10
1.3 Applications of Chitin Based Rubber Nanocomposites 11
1.4 Chitin in Rubber Based Blends and Micro Composites 12
1.5 Starch in Rubber Based Blends and Micro Composites 14
1.6 Polylactic Acid Based Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites 15
1.7 Applications of Rubber Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 16
1.8 Vinyl Ester (BisGMA)/SEBS/f-MWCNTs Based Nanocomposites: Preparation and Applications 16
1.9 Starch Based Rubber Nanocomposites 17
References 18
2 Cellulose Based Rubber Nanocomposites 23
Abstract 23
2.1 General Introduction 23
2.2 Cellulose 24
2.2.1 Structure and Properties 24
2.2.2 Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibers 26
2.2.3 Preparation of Cellulose Whiskers 27
2.2.4 Characterization of Cellulose Nanowhiskers 28
2.2.5 Nanocomposites of Cellulose Nanowhiskers 29
2.2.6 Manufacturing Techniques of Nanocellulose Based Composites 31
2.2.6.1 Casting-Evaporation Processing 31
2.2.6.2 Sol—Gel Processing [81, 82] 32
2.2.6.3 Melt Compounding Processing [83] 32
2.2.6.4 Electrostatic Fiber Spinning (Electrospinning) 32
2.2.6.5 Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Electrostatic Assembly 33
2.2.6.6 Bottom-up Manufacture of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites 34
2.2.7 Applications of Cellulose Based Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites 34
References 36
3 Chitin Based Rubber Nanocomposites 40
Abstract 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.1.1 Chitin 41
3.1.2 Structure of Chitin 41
3.1.3 Synthesis of Chitin Nanowhiskers 42
3.1.4 Chemical Modification of Chitin Whiskers 44
3.1.5 Nanocomposites 45
3.2 Chitin Nanowhiskers/Rubber Nanocomposites: Method of Preparation 46
3.2.1 Casting and Evaporating Technique 46
3.2.2 Non-aqueous Solvent Dispersion Technique 46
3.2.3 Freeze-Drying and Hot-Pressing Technique 46
3.2.4 Dry Mixing Process 46
3.3 Chitin Nanowhiskers/Rubber Nanocomposites 47
3.3.1 Mechanical Properties 47
3.3.2 Morphological Study 49
3.3.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 50
3.3.4 Swelling Behavior 50
3.3.5 Thermal Properties 53
3.4 Summary and Future Challenges 54
References 54
4 Applications of Chitin Based Rubber Nanocomposites 56
Abstract 56
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Structure and Properties of Chitin 58
4.3 Chitin Nanowhiskers (ChNWs) 59
4.4 Extraction of Chitin Nanowhiskers (ChNW) 61
4.5 Characterization of Chitin Nanowhiskers 61
4.6 Chitin Nanowhiskers Based Nanocomposites and Blends 62
4.7 Processing Methods of Chitin Nanowhiskers Based Nanocomposites 64
4.7.1 Casting and Evaporating Technique 64
4.7.2 Freeze-Drying and Hot-Pressing Technique 65
4.7.3 Polymer Grafting 66
4.7.4 Non-aqueous Solvent Dispersion Technique 66
4.7.5 Electrospinning 66
4.8 Characterization of Chitin Nanowhiskers Based Nanocomposites and Blends 67
4.9 Properties of Chitin Nanowhsikers Based Nanocomposites 68
4.9.1 Mechanical Properties 68
4.9.2 Swelling Behavior 70
4.9.3 Thermal Properties 70
4.10 Applications of Chitin Nanowhiskers Based Nanocomposites and Blends 71
References 72
5 Chitin in Rubber Based Blends and Micro Composites 75
Abstract 75
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Chitin Rubber Based Blends 80
5.2.1 Two Roll Mill Mixing 84
5.2.2 Latex Compounding 88
5.2.3 Freeze Drying Method 89
5.3 Chitin in Rubber Based Micro Composites 89
5.3.1 Two Roll Mill Mixing 92
5.3.2 Latex Compounding 94
5.3.3 Freeze Drying Method 99
5.4 Challenges 102
5.5 Limitations and Future Trends 102
5.6 Conclusion 106
References 106
6 Starch in Rubber Based Blends and Micro Composites 112
Abstract 112
6.1 Introduction of Starch 112
6.2 Modification of Starch 117
6.2.1 Gelatinization of Starch 117
6.2.2 Plasticization of Starch 118
6.2.3 Preparation of Starch Nanoparticles 120
6.2.4 Chemical Grafting of Starch 121
6.3 Starch Reinforced Rubber Composites 124
6.3.1 Native Starch Reinforced Rubber Composites 125
6.3.2 Modified Starch Reinforced Rubber Composites 127
6.3.3 Starch/Carbon Black Hybrids Reinforced Rubber Composites 133
6.4 Summary and Future Challenges 134
References 135
7 Polylactic Acid Based Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites 144
Abstract 144
7.1 Introduction to PLA, Rubber and Fillers 144
7.1.1 Introduction to PLA 144
7.1.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 145
7.1.1.2 Properties of PLA 146
7.1.2 Introduction of Rubber 150
7.1.2.1 Compounding Ingredients 152
7.1.2.2 Interphase Modification and Compatibilisation 156
7.1.3 Introduction of Fillers 156
7.2 PLA Based (Natural and Synthetic) Rubber Macrocomposites 158
7.3 PLA Based (Natural and Synthetic) Rubber Nanocomposites 161
7.4 Challenges, Limitations and Future Trends 165
7.5 Conclusions 166
Acknowledgments 166
References 166
8 Applications of Rubber Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 169
Abstract 169
8.1 Introduction 169
8.1.1 Rubber Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 170
8.2 Preparation Techniques 171
8.2.1 Preparation of Rubber Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 171
8.3 Properties 171
8.4 Applications 172
8.4.1 Applications of Rubber Based Biocomposites 172
8.4.1.1 Tire Engineering Applications 173
8.4.1.2 Packaging Industry 173
8.4.1.3 Adhesives 173
8.4.1.4 Membranes 173
8.4.1.5 Electronics Industry 173
8.4.1.6 Automotive Industry 173
8.4.1.7 Civil Construction Industry 174
8.4.1.8 Biomedicine/Medical Engineering 174
8.4.1.9 Textile Industry 174
8.4.1.10 Household Applications 174
8.4.1.11 Footwear Industry 174
8.4.2 Applications of Rubber Based Bionanocomposites 175
8.4.2.1 Gas Impermeability 175
8.4.2.2 Sporting Goods Application 175
8.4.2.3 Agricultural Industry 175
8.4.2.4 Packaging Applications 175
8.5 Limitations and Future Trends of Rubber Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 175
8.6 Conclusions 176
Acknowledgments 177
References 177
9 Vinyl Ester (BisGMA)/SEBS/f-MWCNTs Based Nanocomposites: Preparation and Applications 179
Abstract 179
9.1 Introduction 180
9.2 Experimental 182
9.2.1 Materials 182
9.2.2 Methods 183
9.2.2.1 Synthesis of BisGMA 183
9.2.2.2 Amine Functionalization of MWCNTs 184
9.2.2.3 Preparation of BisGMA/SEBS Blends 185
9.2.2.4 Fabrication of Nanocomposites 185
9.2.3 Instruments and Measurements 186
9.2.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 186
9.2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 186
9.2.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 186
9.2.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 186
9.3 Results and Discussion 187
9.3.1 Synthesis of BisGMA 187
9.3.2 Amine Functionalization of MWCNTs 187
9.3.2.1 FTIR Analysis of Raw and Functionalized MWCNTs 187
9.3.2.2 SEM Analysis of Raw and Functionalized MWCNTs 189
9.3.2.3 TEM Analysis of Raw and Functionalized MWCNTs 189
9.3.2.4 TGA Analysis of Raw and Functionalized MWCNTs 190
9.3.3 BisGMA/SEBS Blend Based Nanocomposites 191
9.3.3.1 FTIR Analysis of BisGMA/SEBS Blend 191
9.3.3.2 SEM Analysis of BisGMA/SEBS Blend Based Nanocomposites 191
9.3.4 Compatibilization Mechanism of MWCNT-NH2 in the Blend Based Nanocomposites 193
9.4 Applications of BisGMA/SEBS/f-MWCNTs Based Nanocomposites 194
9.5 Summary 197
Acknowledgments 197
References 198
10 Starch Based Rubber Nanocomposites 200
Abstract 200
10.1 Introduction 200
10.2 Preparation of Starch Nano Crystal 204
10.3 Characterization of Starch Based Rubber Nanocomposite 206
10.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 206
10.3.2 X-ray Diffraction 207
10.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 208
10.3.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 208
10.4 Properties of Starch Based Rubber Nanocomposite 209
10.4.1 Mechanical Properties 209
10.4.2 Rheological Properties 211
10.4.3 Thermal Properties 212
10.4.4 Biodegradation Properties 213
10.5 Conclusion 214
Acknowledgments 214
References 214