Cellulose Nanocrystals (eBook)

Wadood Hamad is Principal Scientist and Research Leader at FPInnovations, as well as Adjunct Professor at the University of British Columbia's Department of Chemistry. FPInnovations is one of the leading Research institutes exploring the industrial manufacturing and applications of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and has been a principal driver in the commercial viability of CNC. Dr Hamad's research team is currently focussed on to thematic areas: (i) CNC processing and characterization, and (ii) material synthesis and product development of advanced functional platforms based on CNC. Dr Hamad has been responsible for key developments around CNC synthesis and manufacturing, and holds over 20 patents for CNC applications in polymer nanocomposites, photonics, flexible electronics and optoelectronics, and over 100 peer-reviewed scientific publications appearing in Nature, Nature Communications, Advanced Materials, and elsewhere.

Title Page 7
Copyright Page 8
Contents 11
Series Preface 15
Foreword 17
Prologue 20
Chapter 1 New Frontiers for Material Development and the Challenge of Nanotechnology 23
1.1 Perspectives on Nanotechnology 23
1.2 Societal Ramifications of Nanotechnology 25
1.3 Bio-inspired Material Development: The Case for Cellulose Nanocrystals 27
1.4 A Glance at Bio-inspired Hierarchical Materials 31
1.5 Concluding Thoughts 35
Notes 35
Chapter 2 Assembly and Structure in Native Cellulosic Fibers 38
2.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Cellulose Molecule 38
2.1.1 The Origin of Cellulose 38
2.1.2 The Chemistry of Cellulose 40
2.1.3 The Physics of Cellulose 42
2.2 Morphology and Structure of Native Cellulosic Fibers 44
2.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Native Cellulosic Fibers 47
2.3.1 Anisotropy of the Fiber Cell Wall 47
2.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Cellulosic Fibers 0
Notes 0
Chapter 3 Hydrolytic Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 The Liberation of CNCs Using Acid Hydrolysis 57
3.3 Reaction Kinetics of CNC Extraction 60
3.3.1 Effects of H2SO4 Hydrolysis Conditions and Sulfation on CNC Yield of Extraction 60
3.3.2 H2SO4 Hydrolysis Reproducibility and Yield Optimization 68
3.3.3 Commentary on Hydrochloric Acid-Hydrolyzed CNCs 70
3.3.4 CNC Stability and Post H2SO4-Hydrolysis Aging 71
3.4 Processing Considerations for Sustainable and Economical Manufacture of CNCs 72
3.5 Micro/Nano Cellulosics Other Than CNCs 75
3.5.1 Microfibrillated Cellulose 75
3.5.2 Microcrystalline Cellulose 79
3.5.3 Bacterial Cellulose 82
Notes 84
Chapter 4 Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 87
4.1 Morphological Characteristics of CNCs 87
4.2 Structural Organization of CNCs 90
4.3 Solid-State Characteristics of CNCs 96
4.3.1 X-Ray Diffractometric Analysis of CNCs 98
4.3.2 CNCs Phase Structure Based on SS-NMR 103
4.3.3 Concluding Remarks 109
4.4 CNCs Chiral Nematic Phase Properties 109
4.4.1 Ionic Strength Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 110
4.4.2 Temperature Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 113
4.4.3 Suspension Concentration Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 114
4.4.4 Magnetic Field Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 116
4.4.5 Sonication Effect on Physicochemical Properties 116
4.5 Shear Rheology of CNC Aqueous Suspensions 117
4.5.1 Basic Rheological Behavior of CNC Aqueous Suspensions 117
4.5.2 Sonication Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNCs Suspensions 120
4.5.3 Concentration Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 122
4.5.4 Temperature Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 128
4.5.5 CNCs Surface Charge Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 134
4.5.6 Ionic Strength Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 140
4.5.7 Aging and Yielding Characteristics of CNC Suspensions 145
4.5.8 Concluding Remarks 150
4.6 Thermal Stability of CNCs 151
Notes 156
Chapter 5 Applications of Cellulose Nanocrystals 160
5.1 Prelude 160
5.2 The Reinforcing Potential of CNCs in Polymer Nanocomposites 162
5.2.1 Basic Concepts in Composites 162
5.2.2 Generic Methods for Surface Functionalization 164
5.2.3 Why CNCs for Reinforcement? 169
5.2.4 Performance of CNCs in Compatible Polymer Systems 172
5.2.5 Nanocomposites Prepared by Postpolymerization Compounding of CNCs and Thermoplastic Polymers 176
5.2.6 Controlling Nanocomposite Crystallinity and Plasticity via In Situ Polymerization Methodologies in the Presence of CNCs 187
5.2.7 CNCs in Thermosetting Polymers: Tailoring Cross?Linking Density and Toughness 194
5.2.8 Comments on Modeling the Mechanical Response of CNC?Reinforced Nanocomposites 199
5.2.9 Conclusions and Critical Insights 203
5.3 CNC-Stabilized Emulsions, Gels, and Hydrogels 206
5.3.1 Pickering Emulsions 206
5.3.2 High Internal Phase Emulsions 209
5.3.3 pH-Responsive Gels and Flocculants 211
5.3.4 Hydrogels 212
5.4 Controlled Self-Assembly of Functional Cellulosic Materials 216
5.4.1 Flexible CNC Films with Tunable Optical Properties 216
5.4.2 Mesoporous Photonic Cellulose Films 219
5.5 Toward Bio-inspired Photonic and Electronic Materials 224
5.5.1 Mesoporous Photonic Materials from Cellulose Nanomaterial Liquid Crystal Templates 224
5.5.2 Actuators and Sensors 239
5.5.3 Sustainable Electronics Based on CNCs 247
5.5.4 Conclusions and Outlook 254
5.6 CNCs in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals 255
5.7 Environmental, Health, and Safety Considerations of CNCs 257
5.8 Perspectives and Challenges 260
Notes 261
Epilogue—The Never-Ending Evolution of Scientific Insights 270
Bibliography 274
Subject Index 310
Supplemental Images 312
EULA 332

"The monograph is an important and timely publication. It presents the state of technical knowledge and understanding about cellulose, the production process to extract cellulose nanocrystals from natural sources of cellulose, the characterization of the nanocrystals and the assessment of their potential application in industrial products and processes. It is a timely publication because cellulose nanocrystals are a key member of the family of cellulosic nanomaterials which are rapidly moving from a focus of scientific research towards commercial production and their introduction into commercial applications."

Clive Willis, PhD (from the Foreword)

Director General (2003-2005), NanoQuébec
ISO Technical Committee 229 on Nanotechnology