In situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques for Conducting Polymers (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Abstract 11
1 Introduction into the Field of Conducting Polymers 12
2 Basic Features During the Redox Transformation of CPs and the Coupled Phenomena 14
2.1 Electrochemical Perturbation, Leading to Phenomenological Changes 14
2.2 Color Change 14
2.3 Mass Change 15
2.4 Conductance Change 15
2.5 Diamagnetic/Paramagnetic Changes 16
2.6 Volume Changes 16
2.7 Structural Changes 16
2.8 Transport Processes in the Adjacent Solution Layer 17
References 17
3 Overview of in situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques 18
3.1 Single in situ Electrochemical Methods 18
3.1.1 Coupled Color Changes—Spectroelectrochemistry in the UV-VIS-NIR Region 18
3.1.2 Changes in the Chemical Bonds’ Nature—in situ FTIR and RAMAN Spectroscopy 19
3.1.3 Diamagnetic/Paramagnetic Changes—in situ ESR Spectroscopy 20
3.1.4 In situ NMR Spectroscopy 21
3.1.5 Coupling with Mass Change—the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Micro/Nanogravimetry (EQCM or EQCN) and the Radiotracer Technique 21
3.1.6 Resulted Conductance Change—a.c. Conductance, Electrochemical Impedance Measurements 22
3.1.7 Effects Monitored in the Solution—Laser Beam Deflection 23
3.1.8 Subsequent Volume Change 24
3.1.9 Visualization of Structural Changes: Ellipsometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance, X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (EXAFS) 24
3.2 Combination of Two Single in situ Electrochemical Techniques in a Hyphenated Mode 25
3.2.1 Simultaneous Combination of the Electrochemical Electron Spin Resonance (SEESR) and the in situ a.c. Conductance Techniques 25
3.2.2 Simultaneously Applied Electron Spin Resonance (SEESR) and in situ Spectroelectrochemistry 26
3.2.3 Combination of in situ UV-Vis-NIR Spectroelectrochemical and in situ a.c. Conductance Measurements 26
3.2.4 In situ Piezoelectric Spectroelectrochemisty 27
3.2.5 In situ FTIR Spectroelectrochemistry and Ellipsometry 29
3.2.6 Combined Scanning Electrochemical—Atomic Force Microscopy AFM 30
3.2.7 Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopic (CS-AFM) and Spectroscopic Measurements 30
3.2.8 Combining Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy 30
3.2.9 Combined Electrochemical Impedance EIS and FTIR–ATR 31
References 31
4 Applications of the in situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques: Problems and Answers Attempted by the in situ Combined Methods 35
4.1 Electrodeposition 35
4.2 Chain-Growth Process 37
4.3 Nucleation and Growth Steps 37
4.4 Mechanistic Isuues 38
4.5 Regular/Irregular Behavior of the Deposited Film 39
4.6 Specific Dopant–Polymer Interactions 40
4.7 Monitoring the Formation of CP Composites 41
4.8 Details of the Redox Switching 43
4.9 Development of the Conductance 48
4.10 p-Type and n-Type Doping 50
4.11 Identification of the Charge Carriers 53
4.12 Overoxidation 60
4.13 Structural Questions 61
4.14 Miscellaneous Issues 62
References 63
5 Outlook 73
References 75
6 Erratum to: Applications of the in situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques: Problems and Answers Attempted by the in situ Combined Methods 76
Erratum to:& #6
Index 77