Sustainable Flow Chemistry (eBook)

Luigi Vaccaro is a Professor of Organic Chemistry (habilitated in 2013 as full Professor) at the Università degli Studi di Perugia-Italy and is a Guest Professor (Bijzonder Gastdocent) at the University of KU Leuven-Belgium. He is also an Associate Editor of the journals RSC Advances and Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, and a member of the FWO WT&4 Chemistry expert panel and of the OECD-EPA commission on substitution of toxic substances. Prof. Vaccaro is leading the Green S.O.C. group in Perugia and is dedicating his research and teaching activity to the development of sustainable tools for minimizing waste and accessing cleaner products. He is currently focusing on the identification and use of novel biomass-derived solvents and on the design and synthesis of novel polymeric matrices for the preparation of heterogeneous catalytic systems suitable for being used in flow and green reaction media. Recent applications are directed toward the definition of sustainable protocols for cross-coupling and C-H activation processes aimed at the clean synthesis of organic semiconductors and target materials. Luigi Vaccaro is author of ca. 130 scientific publications and received the Europa Medal from Society of Chemical Industry - London (2001), the ADP Award from Merck's Chemistry Council for "Creative work in organic chemistry" (2006 and 2007), the G. Ciamician Medal of the Società Chimica Italiana (2007) and the Vigevani Visiting Professorship (2014).

Foreword

FLOW PHOTOCHEMISTRY - A GREEN TECHNOLOGY WITH A BRIGHT FUTURE
Introduction to Synthetic Organic Photochemistry
Conventional Batch Photochemistry
Continuous-Flow Chemistry
Selected Examples of Photochemical Reactions under Flow Conditions
Summary, Conclusion, and Outlook

CONTINUOUS FLOW SYNTHESIS USING RECYCLABLE REACTION MEDIA
Introduction
Continuous Flow Reactions Using an Ionic Liquid
Continuous Flow Reactions Using a Fluorous Solvent
Conclusions

SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF H2O2 IN FLOW REACTORS
Introduction
The Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from Hydrogen and Oxygen in Flow Process with Microtechnology
Application of Hydrogen Peroxide in Microreactors
Conclusions

SCALE-UP OF FLOW PROCESSES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Introduction
Stages of Pharmaceutical Development
Sustainability of Supply - The Role of Continuous Processing
Comparison of Batch to Continuous Large-Scale Processing
Scale-Up of a Flow Process
Flow Processes in the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals: Examples of Scale-Up
Summary and Outlook on Future Scale-Up

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS IN FLOW: TOWARD HIGHER LEVELS OF SUSTAINABILITY
Introduction
Semi-Automated Optimization
Self-Optimizing Microreactor Systems
Sustainability in Microreactor Technology
Conclusion

SUSTAINABLE FLOW CHEMISTRY IN DRUG DISCOVERY
Introduction
Laboratory Equipment
Advantages of Improved Sustainability
Sustainable Drug Discovery
Conclusions and Outlook

FLOW TOOLS TO DEFINE WASTE/TIME/ENERGY-MINIMIZED PROTOCOLS
Introduction
Minimization of Solvents and Reuse of Catalytic Systems
Time/Cost/Energy Saving Examples Using Flow Approach
Conclusions

THE APPLICATION OF FLOW CHEMISTRY IN THE USE OF HIGHLY REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND REAGENTS
Introduction
Hydrogenation Reactions in Flow
Carbonylation in Flow
Organometallic Reagents in Flow
Synthesis of Azides and Diazoacetates in Flow
The Use of Flow Reactors to Prepare Unstable Intermediates Using Photochemistry
The Use of Flow Reactors to Prepare Unstable Intermediates Using Electrochemistry
Fluorination and Trifluoromethylation in Flow
Conclusions

NONCONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES IN SUSTAINABLE FLOW CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Microwave-Assisted Flow Chemistry
Inductive Heating in Flow Chemistry
Sonochemistry in Flow Chemistry
Organic Electrochemistry in Flow Chemistry
Conclusions

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF FLOW CHEMISTRY PROCESSES
Introduction
Environmental Sustainability Assessment
Flow Processes LCA Case Studies
Conclusions

SOLIDS IN CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS FOR SPECIALTY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SYNTHESES
Introduction
Mechanisms of Solids Formation in Flow Reactors
Manufacture of Solids in Flow: Soft Particles and APIs
Use of Solids Suspension Catalyst in Flow
Avoiding Blockage of Flow Reactors by Insoluble By-Products: Flow Focusing
Green Engineering Aspects

Index