Seismoelectric Exploration

Niels Grobbe, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, USA André Revil, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, France Zhenya Zhu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Evert Slob, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

List of Contributors ix

Foreword 1: Steve Pride xiii

Foreword 2: M Nafi Toksöz xv

Preface xvii

Part I: Theory 1

1 The Microscale Origin of the Seismoelectric Effect: Electrokinetics, Streaming Potential 3
Niels Grobbe and André Revil

2 The Governing Set of Coupled Seismo-electromagnetic Equations 9
Niels Grobbe, André Revil, and Evert Slob

3 Green’s Functions for Moment Tensor Sources Including the Double Couple Source 31
Yongxin Gao and Hengshan Hu

Part II: Laboratory Experiments 47

4 Streaming Potential Measurements in Natural and Artificial Porous Samples 49
Luong Duy Thanh and Rudolf Sprik

5 Saturation Dependence of the Streaming Potential Coefficient 73
Laurence Jouniaux, Vincent Allègre, Renaud Toussaint, and Fabio Zyserman

6 Seismoelectric Coupling Coefficients 101
Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz

7 Laboratory Measurements of Coseismic Fields: Toward a Validation of Pride’s Theory 109
Clarisse Bordes, Daniel Brito, Stéphane Garambois, Julia Holzhauer, Laurence Jouniaux, and Michel Dietrich

8 Water Saturated Rock Sample in Air 123
Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz

9 Porous Rock Samples in Water 129
Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Dan Burns

10 Seismoelectric Conversion in a Sample With Anisotropic Permeability 137
Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Xin Zhan

11 Scaled Physical Models: Layered Models 147

11a A Study of the Seismoelectric Effect of a Frozen-unfrozen Interface Based Upon Ultrasonic Experiment 148
Zhengping Liu, Lei Yuan, Xin Zhang, Zhihui Liu, and Haiyan Wu

11b An Experimental Study to the Seismoelectric Responses of Unfrozen Water Content 153
Zhengping Liu, Lang Song, and Lei Yuan

11c An Experimental Study of Rayleigh Waves Based on Seismoelectric Measurements 160
Ziying Xiong, Zhengping Liu, and Kai Zhang

11d Scaled Layer Model 174
Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Jun Wang

12 Scaled Physical Models: Borehole Models 177

12a Borehole Model in a Horizontally Layered Strata 178
Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Matthijs W Haartsen

12b Borehole Model with Fractures 183
Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz

13 Experimental Study of Correlation Imaging With Seismoelectromagnetic Waves 191
Sareh Nakhaee and Rudolf Sprik

14 Tool Wave in Acoustic Logging While Drilling 203
Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz

15 Multipole Seismoelectric Well Logging While Drilling 213
Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Xin Zhan

Part III: Numerical Modeling 217

16 Earthquake Sources: Moment Tensor Point Source 219
Yongxin Gao and Hengshan Hu

17 Earthquake Sources: Finite Fault Sources 235
Yongxin Gao and Hengshan Hu

18 Finite Element Modeling of Electroseismics and Seismoelectrics 245
Fabio Zyserman, Patricia Gauzellino, and Laurence Jouniaux

19 Seismoelectric Signals Produced by Mesoscopic Heterogeneities: Spectroscopic Analysis of Fractured Media 269
Marina Rosas-Carbajal, Damien Jougnot, J Germán Rubino, Leonardo Monachesi, Niklas Linde, and Klaus Holliger

20 Evanescent EM Waves Generated by Seismoelectric Conversion at an Interface 289
Hengxin Ren, Qinghua Huang, and Xiaofei Chen

Part IV: Field Experiments and Applications 319

21 Design of Field Instrumentation and Noise Removal Techniques for Seismoelectric Measurements 321
J Christian Dupuis, Anton W Kepic, and Karl E Butler

22 Seismoelectric Field Measurements in Unconsolidated Sediments in Comparison With Other Methods of Near-Surface Prospecting 347
Wolfgang Rabbel, Katja Iwanowski-Strahser, Matthias Strahser, Laura Dzieran, and Martin Thorwart

23 Investigating the Interfacial Seismoelectric Response at Field Scale 365
Julia Holzhauer and Ugur Yaramanci

24 Seismoelectric Characterization of Ice Sheets and Glaciers 383
Bernd Kulessa, Stéphane Garambois, Michel Dietrich, Karl E Butler, Sarah S Thompson, and Graham Stuart

25 Seismoelectric Ground Response to Local and Regional Earthquakes 401
Laura Dzieran, Wolfgang Rabbel, Martin Thorwart, and Oliver Ritter

26 Electromagnetic Signals Associated With Earthquakes: A Review of Observations, Data Processing, and Mechanisms in China 415
Qinghua Huang, Peng Han, Katsumi Hattori, and Hengxin Ren

27 Field Observations of the Seismo-electromagnetic Effect Related to Earthquakes 437
Yukio Fujinawa and Yoichi Noda

Nomenclature 451

Index 455