Principles of Electron Optics, Volume 1

Peter Hawkes obtained his M.A. and Ph.D (and later, Sc.D.) from the University of Cambridge, where he subsequently held Fellowships of Peterhouse and of Churchill College. From 1959 – 1975, he worked in the electron microscope section of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, after which he joined the CNRS Laboratory of Electron Optics in Toulouse, of which he was Director in 1987. He was Founder-President of the European Microscopy Society and is a Fellow of the Microscopy and Optical Societies of America. He is a member of the editorial boards of several microscopy journals and serial editor of Advances in Electron Optics. Erwin Kasper studied physics at the Universities of Münster and Tübingen (Germany), where he obtained his PhD in 1965 and the habilitation to teach physics in 1969. After scientific spells in the University of Tucson, Arizona (1966) and in Munich (1970), he resumed his research and teaching in the Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, where he was later appointed professor. He lectured on general physics and especially on electron optics. The subject of his research was theoretical electron optics and related numerical methods on which he published numerous papers. After his retirement in 1997, he published a book on numerical field calculation (2001).

1. Introduction

PART I – CLASSICAL MECHANICS 2. Relativistic Kinematics 3. Different Forms of Trajectory Equations 4. Variational Principles 5. Hamiltonian Optics

PART II – CALCULATION OF STATIC FIELDS 6. Basic Concepts and Equations 7. Series Expansions 8. Boundary-Value Problems 9. Integral Equations 10. The Boundary-Element Method 11. The Finite-Difference Method (FDM) 12. The Finite-Element Method (FEM) 13. Field-Interpolation Techniques

PART III – THE PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION 14. Introduction 15. Systems with an Axis of Rotational Symmetry 16. Gaussian Optics of Rotationally Symmetric Systems: Asymptotic Image Formation 17. Gaussian Optics of Rotationally Symmetric Systems: Real Cardinal Elements 18. Electron Mirrors 19. Quadrupole Lenses 20. Cylindrical Lenses

PART IV – ABERRATIONS 21. Introduction 22. Perturbation Theory: General Formalism 23. The Relation Between Permitted Types of Aberration and System Symmetry 24. The Geometrical Aberrations of Round Lenses 25. Asymptotic Aberration Coefficients 26. Chromatic Aberrations 27. Aberration Matrices and the Aberrations of Lens Combinations 28. The Aberrations of Mirrors and Cathode Lenses 29. The Aberrations of Quadrupole Lenses and Octopoles 30. The Aberrations of Cylindrical Lenses 31. Parasitic Aberrations

PART V – DEFLECTION SYSTEMS 32. Paraxial Properties of Deflection Systems 33. The Aberrations of Deflection Systems

PART VI – COMPUTER-AIDED ELECTRON OPTICS 34. Numerical Calculation of Trajectories, Paraxial Properties and Aberrations