Inertial Confinement Fusion Driven Thermonuclear Energy (eBook)

Dr. Bahman Zohuri currently works for Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc., a consulting firm that he started in 1991 when he left both the semiconductor and defense industries after many years working as a chief scientist. After graduating from the University of Illinois in the field of physics, applied mathematics, then he went to the University of New Mexico, where he studied nuclear engineering and mechanical engineering. He joined Westinghouse Electric Corporation, where he performed thermal hydraulic analysis and studied natural circulation in an inherent shutdown, heat removal system (ISHRS) in the core of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) as a secondary fully inherent shutdown system for secondary loop heat exchange. All these designs were used in nuclear safety and reliability engineering for a self-actuated shutdown system. He designed a mercury heat pipe and electromagnetic pumps for large pool concepts of a LMFBR for heat rejection purposes for this reactor around 1978, when he received a patent for it. He was subsequently, transferred to the defense division of Westinghouse, where he oversaw dynamic analysis and methods of launching and controlling MX missiles from canisters. The results were applied to MX launch seal performance and muzzle blast phenomena analysis (i.e., missile vibration and hydrodynamic shock formation). Dr. Zohuri was also involved in analytical calculations and computations in the study of nonlinear ion waves in rarefying plasma. The results were applied to the propagation of so-called soliton waves and the resulting charge collector traces in the rarefaction characterization of the corona of laser-irradiated target pellets. As part of his graduate research work at Argonne National Laboratory, he performed computations and programming of multi-exchange integrals in surface physics and solid-state physics. He earned various patents in areas such as diffusion processes and diffusion furnace design while working as a senior process engineer at various semiconductor companies, such as Intel Corp., Varian Medical Systems, and National Semiconductor Corporation. He later joined Lockheed Martin Missile and Aerospace Corporation as Senior Chief Scientist and oversaw research and development (R&D) and the study of the vulnerability, survivability, and both radiation and laser hardening of different components of the Strategic Defense Initiative, known as Star Wars.This included payloads (i.e., IR sensor) for the Defense Support Program, the Boost Surveillance and Tracking System, and Space Surveillance and Tracking Satellite against laser and nuclear threats. While at Lockheed Martin, he also performed analyses of laser beam characteristics and nuclear radiation interactions with materials, transient radiation effects in electronics, electromagnetic pulses, system-generated electromagnetic pulses, single-event upset, blast, thermo-mechanical, hardness assurance, maintenance, and device technology.He spent several years as a consultant at Galaxy Advanced Engineering serving Sandia National Laboratories, where he supported the development of operational hazard assessments for the Air Force Safety Center in collaboration with other researchers and third parties. Ultimately, the results were included in Air Force Instructions issued specifically for directed energy weapons operational safety. He completed the first version of a comprehensive library of detailed laser tools for airborne lasers, advanced tactical lasers, tactical high-energy lasers, and mobile/ tactical high-energy lasers, for example.He also oversaw SDI computer programs, in connection with Battle Management C3I and artificial intelligence, and autonomous systems. He is the author of several publications and holds several patents, such as for a laser-activated radioactive decay and results of a through-bulkhead initiator. He has published the following works: Heat Pipe Design and Technology: A Practical Approach (CRC Press); Dimensional Analysis and Self-Similarity Methods for Engineering and Scientists (Springer); High Energy Laser (HEL): Tomorrow’s Weapon in Directed Energy Weapons Volume I (Trafford Publishing Company); and recently the book on the subject Directed Energy Weapons and Physics of High Energy Laser with Springer. He has other books with Springer Publishing Company; Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems (Springer); and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Reactors (Springer).

About the AuthorPrefaceAcknowledgmentCHAPTER ONE:Short Course in Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics1.1Introduction1.2Ideal Gas1.3Bose-Einstein Distribution Function1.4Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function1.4.1The Grand Partition Function and Other Thermodynamic Functions1.4.2The Fermi -- Dirac Distribution Function1.5Ideal Fermi Gas1.6Ideal Dense Plasma1.6.1Thermodynamic Relations1.6.2Ideal Gas and Saha Ionization1.7Thomas--Fermi Theory1.7.1Basic Thomas--Fermi Equations1.8ReferencesCHAPTER TWO:Essential Physics of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)2.1Introduction2.2General Concept of Electromagnetisms and Electrostatics2.2.1The Coulomb's Law2.2.2The Electric Field2.2.3The Gauss's Law2.3Solution of Electrostatic Problems2.3.1Poisson's Equation2.3.2Laplace's Equation2.4Electrostatic Energy2.4.1Potential Energy of a Group of Point Charges2.4.2Electrostatic Energy of a Charge Distribution2.4.3Forces and Torques2.5Maxwell's Equations2.6Debye Length2.7Physics of Plasmas2.8Fluid Description of Plasma2.9Magneto-Hydro Dynamics (MHD)2.10Physics of Dimensional Analysis Application in Inertial Confinement Fusion ICF2.10.1Dimensional Analysis and Scaling Concept2.10.2Similarity and Estimating2.10.3Self-Similarity2.10.4General Results of Similarity2.10.5Principles of Similarity2.11Self-Similarity Solutions of the First and Second Kind2.12Physics of Implosion and Explosion in ICF--Self-Similarity Methods2.13Self-Similarity and Sedov - Taylor Problem2.14Self-Similarity and Guderley Problem2.15ReferencesCHAPTER THREE:Physics of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)3.1Introduction3.2Rates of Thermonuclear Reactions3.3Critical Ignition Temperature for Fusion3.4Controlled Thermonuclear Ideal Ignition Temperature3.5Lawson Criterion3.5.1Inertial Confinement and Lawson Criterion3.6Bremsstrahlung Radiation3.6.1Bremsstrahlung Plasma Radiation Losses3.6.2Bremsstrahlung Emission Rate3.6.3Additional Radiation Losses3.6.4Inverse Bremsstrahlung Radiation in Inertial Confinement Fusion3.7Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Inertial Confinement Fusion3.8Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability in Inertial Confinement Fusion3.9Filamentation Instability in Inertial Confinement Fusion3.10Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability3.11ReferencesCHAPTER FOUR:Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)4.1Introduction4.2Overview of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)4.3Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Process Steps4.4A Path Towards Inertial Fusion Energy4.4.1Direct Drive Fusion4.4.2Indirect Drive Fusion (The Hohlraum)4.4.3Single Beam Driver as Ignitor Concept (Fast Ignition)4.5Inertial Fusion Confinement Implosion and Explosion Process4.5.1Linear Compression Concept4.5.2Cylindrical Compression Concept4.5.3Spherical Compression Concept4.6Basic Consideration for Fusion Target Design4.7Targets for Direct-Drive Laser Inertial Fusion Energy4.8Z-Pinch Target4.9Target Fabrication4.10Conclusion4.11ReferencesAppendix A:Schrödinger Wave EquationA.1IntroductionA.2The Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation ConceptA.3Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation ConceptA.4A Free Particle inside a Box and Density of StateA.5Heisenberg Uncertainty PrincipleA.6Pauli Exclusion PrincipleAppendix B:The Stirling FormulaB.1Proof of Stirling's FormulaAppendix C:Table of Fermi--Dirac FunctionsC.1Fermi-Dirac FunctionsC.2ReferencesAppendix D:Tables of Thomas--Fermi Corrected Equation of StateAppendix E:Lagrangian and Eulerian Coordinate SystemsE.1IntroductionE.2Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) SystemsE.3ReferencesAppendix F:Angular Plasma Frequency and High Power LaserF.1Plasma Frequency IntroductionF.2High-Power Laser Fields IntroductionF.3ReferencesAppendix G:A Soliton WaveG.1IntroductionG.2ReferencesINDEX