Astroparticle Physics: Theory and Phenomenology (eBook)

Foreword 7
Preface 9
Acknowledgements 14
Contents 15
Acronyms 22
Notations and Conventions 23
Latin Symbols 25
Greek and Calligraphic Symbols 28
Vectors 30
Part I Fundamentals of Particle Physics 31
1 Electroweak Interactions and Neutrinos 32
1.1 Neutrinos and Weak Interactions 32
1.2 Fermi Theory of Nuclear Beta Decay 33
1.3 Free Neutrinos: Inverse ?-Decay 34
1.4 Parity Violation in ?-Decay 36
1.5 Helicity of the Neutrino 36
1.6 The Structure of the Electroweak Interaction 37
1.6.1 Minkowski Space-Time and Lorentz Transformations 37
1.6.2 Particles as Representations of Space-Time Symmetries 44
1.6.3 The V--A Interaction 53
1.7 Majorana Fermions 54
1.8 Charged Pion and Muon Decay 57
1.8.1 Muon Decay and Michel Parameter 57
1.8.2 Branching Ratio of Pion Decay as a Signature of V--A Interactions 58
1.9 Weak Neutral Currents, the GIM Model and Charm 59
2 The Fundamental Gauge Interactions and Their Description 65
2.1 Introduction 65
2.2 Interaction Rates, Amplitudes and Cross Sections 67
2.2.1 Scattering Amplitudes, Partial Waves and Unitarity 67
2.2.2 Amplitudes and Cross Sections 72
2.3 Renormalizability 77
2.4 Gauge Symmetries and Interactions 80
2.4.1 The Action and Its Symmetries 81
2.4.2 Canonical and Path Integral Quantization 85
2.4.3 Gauge Interactions of Matter Fields 89
2.4.4 Gauge Interactions and Gauge Fields 91
2.4.5 Conformal Invariance and Conformal Transformations 108
2.4.6 Gauge Symmetries and Quantization 110
2.5 The Electromagnetic Interaction 111
2.5.1 Standard Electrodynamics 111
2.5.2 Extensions of Electrodynamics 119
2.6 The Electroweak Interaction 124
2.7 The Strong Interaction 133
2.8 The Gravitational Interaction 140
2.9 Limitations of the Standard Model 153
2.10 Beyond the Standard Model 154
2.10.1 Unification of Interactions and Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) 154
2.10.2 Topological Defects and Non-topological Solitons 156
2.10.3 Supersymmetric Extensions of the Standard Model 165
2.10.4 Extra Dimensions 171
2.10.5 Quantum Field Theory on Curved Space-Time and Quantum Gravity 174
2.10.6 String Theory and Other Approaches 179
2.11 About the Question of Fundamental Units 183
Feynman Diagrams and Feynman Rules 184
Fundamentals of Cosmology and Astrophysics 193
3 The Universe Between Today and First Light 195
3.1 Sources Powered by Nuclear Energy: Stars 195
3.2 Sources Powered by Gravitational Energy: Black Holes and Accretion 202
3.2.1 General Aspects 202
3.2.2 The Hydrodynamics of Accretion Disks 204
3.2.3 Schwarzschild Black Holes 212
3.2.4 Kerr Black Holes 216
3.2.5 Gravitation and Thermodynamics 221
3.3 The Universe at Large Scales: Hubble's Law 225
3.4 The Cosmological Principle and the Friedmann Equations 228
3.5 The Formation of Structure 239
3.6 Basics of Plasma Physics and Magnetohydrodynamics 249
3.6.1 Unmagnetized Plasmas 249
3.6.2 Magnetohydrodynamics of Non-helical and Helical Magnetic Fields 257
3.6.3 Magnetic Dynamos 274
3.6.4 Waves in a Magnetized Plasma 277
3.6.5 Plasma Instabilities 280
3.6.6 Magnetic Fields, Angular Momentum and Accretion Disks 285
3.7 Gravitational Lensing 290
Discontinuities and Shocks 302
4 The Early Universe Before First Light 316
4.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics 316
4.2 The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) 322
4.3 Thermal Relics from the Early Universe: Neutrino and Dark Matter Freeze-Out 334
4.4 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) 344
4.5 Phase Transitions and Their Relics 348
4.6 Magnetohydrodynamics and Primordial Magnetic Fields 359
4.6.1 Modeling Primordial Magnetic Fields 360
4.6.2 Possible Role of Chiral Magnetic Effects 367
4.6.3 Observational Constraints 377
4.7 The Origin of Matter: Leptogenesis and Baryogenesis 379
4.7.1 The Creation of Leptons and Baryons at the Electroweak Scale 380
4.7.2 Leptogenesis and Baryogenesis Beyond the Standard Model 385
4.8 Inflation and Density Perturbations 393
4.9 Reheating 415
4.10 Cosmology, Initial Conditions and the Arrow of Time 418
Part III High Energy Cosmic and Gamma-Rays 424
5 Detection Techniques and Experimental Results 425
5.1 Detection Techniques for High Energy Cosmic Rays 425
5.1.1 Physics of Air Showers and Radiation in Media 426
5.1.2 Detection from Space 443
5.1.3 Detection from the Ground 444
5.2 Observations of High Energy Cosmic Rays 447
5.2.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays 453
5.2.2 Extragalactic Cosmic Rays 455
5.3 Detection Techniques for High Energy Gamma-Rays 461
5.4 Observations of High Energy Gamma-Rays 463
5.4.1 Galactic Gamma-Rays 464
5.4.2 Extragalactic Gamma-Rays 466
6 Cosmic Ray Sources and Acceleration 470
6.1 Acceleration of Charged Particles 470
6.1.1 General Considerations 470
6.1.2 Fermi Acceleration 471
6.1.3 Magnetic Reconnection 479
6.1.4 Nonlinear Acceleration and Back-Reaction 482
6.2 Maximal Acceleration Energy 486
6.3 Cosmic Ray Source Models 491
6.3.1 Galactic Cosmic Ray Sources 491
6.3.2 Extragalactic Cosmic Ray Sources 494
7 Cosmic Ray Propagation 503
7.1 Introduction 503
7.2 Galactic Cosmic and ?-rays 510
7.2.1 General Considerations 510
7.2.2 Charged Particle Motion in Turbulent Magnetic Fields and Propagation of Galactic Cosmic Rays 513
7.2.3 Interpretation of Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum and Composition 530
7.2.4 Interpretation of Galactic Cosmic Ray and ?-Ray Anisotropies 534
7.3 Extragalactic Cosmic Rays 537
7.3.1 Pair Production 537
7.3.2 Pion Production: The Greisen--Zatsepin--Kuzmin (GZK) Effect 538
7.3.3 Photodisintegration of Nuclei 539
7.3.4 Propagation Simulations and the Role of Magnetic Deflection 541
7.4 The Non-thermal Universe: General Considerations 550
8 Electromagnetic Radiation in Astrophysics 559
8.1 The Principal Electromagnetic Processes 559
8.1.1 Radiation of a Moving Charge in Classical Electrodynamics 559
8.1.2 Synchrotron and Curvature Radiation 562
8.1.3 Compton and Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) 566
8.1.4 Comptonization 573
8.1.5 Pair Production (PP) 579
8.1.6 Processes of Higher Order or Involving Different Particles 582
8.1.7 Electromagnetic Cascades 584
8.1.8 The Role of Magnetic Fields 585
8.2 Gamma-Ray Sources 587
8.2.1 Galactic Gamma-Ray Sources 587
8.2.2 Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Sources 588
8.3 Basics of Radio Astronomy 592
8.3.1 Astrophysical Radio Sources 594
8.3.2 Fast Radio Transients 595
Part IV Astrophysics with Weakly Coupled Messengers: Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves 601
9 High Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrino Fluxes and Their Detection 602
9.1 Neutrino Scattering 602
9.2 Detection Techniques for High Energy Neutrinos 606
9.3 Neutrinos Produced in Cosmic Ray Sources and Observations 611
9.4 Neutrinos from Cosmic Ray Propagation 620
10 Neutrino Properties 624
10.1 Neutrino Mixing 624
10.2 Open Questions in Neutrino Physics 629
11 Neutrino Oscillations 632
11.1 Vacuum Neutrino Oscillations 632
11.2 Neutrino Oscillations in the Laboratory 633
11.3 Neutrino Oscillations in Matter 635
11.3.1 The Effect of Ordinary Matter 635
11.3.2 Effects of Neutrino Self-Interactions 639
11.3.3 Inhomogeneities and Wave Packets 644
11.4 Outlook: General Kinetic Description of Mixed Flavor State Scattering in a Medium 647
11.5 Boltzmann Equations 657
12 Neutrino Properties and Their Role in Astrophysics and Cosmology 663
12.1 Stellar Burning and Solar Neutrino Oscillations 663
12.2 Supernova Neutrinos 668
12.3 Atmospheric Neutrinos 673
12.4 Flavor Composition of Neutrino Fluxes from High Energy Sources 678
12.5 Neutrino Hot and Warm Dark Matter 679
12.6 Leptogenesis and Baryogenesis: The Role of Neutrinos 684
13 Weak Gravitational Fields and Gravitational Waves 686
13.1 Introduction 686
13.2 A Short Overview Over Gravitational Wave Detection Techniques 695
13.3 Astrophysical Gravitational Wave Sources 703
13.3.1 Gravitational Waves from Binary Stars and Their First Direct Detection 706
13.3.2 Gravitational Waves from Rotating Stars 714
13.3.3 Gravitational Waves from Stellar Collapse 716
13.4 Primordial Gravitational Waves 718
13.5 Prospects of Multi-messenger Studies of Gravitational Waves, Cosmic Rays, Gamma-Rays, and Neutrinos 722
Part V Probing New Physics: Dark Matter, New Particles and Fundamental Symmetries 729
14 Dark Matter 730
14.1 Introduction: Astrophysical and Cosmological Evidence for Dark Matter 730
14.2 Direct Dark Matter Detection 741
14.3 Signatures of Dark Matter in Accelerator Experiments 750
14.4 Indirect Dark Matter Detection 753
14.4.1 General Facts on WIMP Indirect Detection 753
14.4.2 Photons 756
14.4.3 Electromagnetic Cascades and Their Effects on the CMB 761
14.4.4 Cosmic Rays and Antimatter 762
14.4.5 High Energy Neutrinos from WIMP Capture by Astrophysical Bodies 766
15 New Light and Heavy Matter States and Their Role in Astrophysics and Cosmology 773
15.1 Axions and Axion-Like Particles (ALPs) 773
15.2 Hidden Photons and Other Weakly Interacting Sub-eV Particles (WISPs) 778
15.3 Signatures of WISPs in Astrophysics, Cosmology and in the Laboratory 782
15.3.1 Photon-WISP Oscillations 782
15.3.2 Laboratory Tests of the Presence of ALPs 787
15.3.3 WISP Signatures in Astrophysics and Cosmology 791
15.4 Cosmological Relic WISPs as Dark Matter 794
15.5 Magnetic Monopoles 804
15.6 Q-Balls, Strangelets and Black Holes 806
16 Violation of Fundamental Symmetries 809
16.1 Lorentz Symmetry Violations 809
16.1.1 Introduction 809
16.1.2 Lorentz Symmetry Violations in High Energy Physics and Astrophysics 810
16.1.3 Lorentz Symmetry Violations at Low Energies 814
16.2 Spin Zero Fields, Fifth Forces, the Equivalence Principle and Variations of Fundamental Constants 814
Glossary 819
Solutions 828
References 829
Index 861