Lithosphere Dynamics and Sedimentary Basins of the Arabian Plate and Surrounding Areas (eBook)

François Roure: A Doctor of Structural Geology (1984, Paris VI), a professor and member of the Scientific Board of the French Petroleum Institute. He is also Extraordinary Professor of the IFP at the VU Amsterdam University (2004-2014). Having joined CNRS in 1980, François Roure joined IFP Energies Nouvelles in 1984 as a project manager, became “Emirates” project manager in 2002 and manager of the JIP Tell-Offshore project (North Algeria Petroleum Reassessment with Sonatrach, Repsol-YPF and CNPC) in 2005. Since 2000, François Roure has been Professor and Expert at the French Petroleum Institute. François Roure is the author of more than one hundred publications and communications. His scientific coordination work at the IFP is extensive, supervising many theses there. François Roure received the Charles Jacob prize from the Académie des Sciences (1996), the AAPG European Distinguished Lecturer award (1997) and the EAGE Wegener prize (2010).Ammar Amin, professor of Geological Hazards got his Phd at East Anglia University, U.K. August 1994. Since 2010, he works as a Dean of the faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU) , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. During his career in KAU he had involved in several administrative and academic positions. He worked as vice dean for development, vice dean for postgraduate studies, head of geoengineering department, KAU Supervisor General of the Co-supervision of Graduate Studies, Chairman of KAU central laboratories.  Currently in addition to his responsibility as a dean , he is a member of several important committees such as KAU Scientific Council and KAU Council.Prof. Ammar collaborated with major institutions within Saudi Arabia and the globe on earth sciences studies, academic development, accreditation, scientific donations, communities services programs, e-learning and female Co-supervision of Graduate Studies.He has also experience in Engineering Geology for roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, environmental regulations and evaluate disaster plans, environmental geological hazards and cracks resulting from the melting of ground limestone. His main research interests: Geological Hazards, environmental risks, groundwater hazards, site selection of solid waste disposal, designating sustainable landfill, geotechnical hazard associated with desert environment, causes of land subsidence, karst hazard and crustal subsidence due to groundwater.Sami Khomsi got his Phd at Tunis University in 2004 and his HDR (Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches) in the same university in 2015. Since 2011, he works in the Department of petroleum geology and sedimentology, in the faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He worked also in different universities in Tunisia and France. Past employment within academia (research and teaching) and industry in the upstream activities: exploration, sites survey, prospects evaluation and professional expert training (field trip leader for professionals, coaching of geoscientists...) in basin analysis involving basin modeling, structural analysis and balanced cross sections. Sami collaborated with major oil companies in Eastern Maghreb on field studies, structural analysis of fold-thrust structures, subsurface reservoir characterisations and seismic interpretations. He has also experience in geophysical methods involving fast processing and interpretation of seismic reflexion sections in terms of structural geology-investigation- evaluation of plays, characterization of fractured reservoirs and subsurface mapping.His main research interests: Geometry, kinematics and dynamics of fold-thrust systems and foreland basins in North Africa Middle East and the Mediterranean realm, fractured reservoir analogues, applying structural analysis and subsurface techniques in the characterisations of drillable structures and structural evaluation of traps using regional cross sections at large scale as well as structural subsurface based on regional seismic reflection profiles in different basins.Prof. Dr. Mansour A. M. Al-Garni: received a BS (1993) in geophysics from King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Saudi Arabia, an MS (1996) in geophysics from Colorado School of Mines (CSM), Golden, Colorado, United States, and a PhD (2001) in geophysics from Texas A&M University (TAMU), College Station, Texas, United States.  In 1993, he worked as a geophysicist at the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, United States Geological Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and as a demonstrator of geophysics at KAU, where in 2002 he became an assistant professor of geophysics. He has been promoted to an associate professor of geophysics in 2006 and promoted to a full professor of geophysics in 2010. Furthermore, he has been assigned as the chairman of geophysics department (2003-2011), vice dean (2014), and vice dean for graduate studies and scientific research (2015-Now).   His research interests are controlled-source electromagnetic induction, electrical methods, gravity and magnetic methods, near-surface applied geophysics, forward and inverse modeling, environmental & engineering geophysics, environmental site characterization, ground penetrating radar, hydrogeophysics, and mining geophysics: theory, data processing and interpretation. Prof. Al-Garni has reviewed a lot of academic works and has been in many committees including those of M.Sc and Ph.D examinations.  His remarkable efforts in the establishment and development of various projects were reflected in valuable academic and professional successes and achievements.  He has conducted more than 15 research projects, the most recent of which involved EM, DC resistivity, SP, IP, and magnetic methods for mineral exploration in the Arabian Shield.  He has published more than 50 research articles in international indexed and refereed journals. In 2015, Prof. Al-Garni joined the AJGS as Associate Editor responsible for evaluating submission in the fields of theoretical and Applied exploration geophysics.  Prof. Al-Garni has been listed in the "Marquis Who's Who in the World" as one of the world's foremost acheivers in the field of geophysics in the 28th Edition (2011).   

Foreword 6
Contents 7
About the Editors 9
Editorial 12
Lithosphere Architecture 17
1 Crustal and Upper Mantle Structures Beneath the Arabian Shield and Red Sea 18
Abstract 18
Introduction 19
Seismotectonics and Seismic Structures 21
Methodology 24
Data Collection and Validation 24
Teleseismic Travel Time Tomography 24
Receiver Functions 26
Teleseismic Shear Wave Splitting 26
Regional and Far-Regional Surface Wave Modeling 27
Data Analysis and Results 28
Teleseismic Travel Time Tomography 28
Resolution Tests 29
Modeling of Surface Wave Dispersion 30
Mantle Anisotropy from Shear-Wave Splitting 34
Discussion and Conclusions 37
Crustal Structures 41
Acknowledgments 43
References 43
Reservoirs, Conduits and Fluids 45
2 Architectural and Hydraulic Characteristics of Fault Zones in the Mesozoic Carbonate Formations of Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia 46
Abstract 46
Introduction 46
Stratigraphic Setting 48
Lithostratigraphic Sequences 48
Unconformities 48
Stratigraphic Seals 49
Structural Setting 50
Hydrogeologic Setting 51
Hydrocarbon Systems 52
Pressure and Thermal Regimes and Systems 53
Pressure Regimes and Systems 53
Overpressure Generation Mechanisms 55
Spatial Distribution of Overpressures 56
Thermal Regimes 56
Anomalies in the Pressure and Thermal Systems 57
An Integrated Thermo-Pressure Model 60
Conclusions 61
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
3 Optimal Aquifers and Reservoirs for CCS and EOR in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Overview 64
Abstract 64
Introduction 65
Geological Setting 65
Water Dominant Sector (Non-Hydrocarbon Prolific Area) 69
Hydrocarbon Dominant Sector 69
Long Term CO2 Sequestration 70
Climatic Implications and Economic Perspectives 74
Discussion 74
Conclusions 76
References 76
4 Tectonostratigraphic Study of Carbonate Breccias (Calciturbidites) in the Upper Triassic Baluti Formation (Northern Iraq): New Insights on Tethyan Geodynamics 79
Abstract 79
Introduction 79
Geologic Setting 81
Characteristics of the Breccias 81
Facies Associations 87
FA1 Hemipelagic Turbidites 87
FA2 Debris Flow 87
FA3 Slump Turbidite/Debrites 87
Interpretation of Depositional Model 88
Slope Turbidites/Hemipelagic System 88
FA2 Debris Flow System 89
FA3 Slump Turbidite/Debrites System 90
Tectonogentic/Diagenetic Relationships 90
Insights on Geodynamics 92
Upper Permian-Lower Triassic (Start Opening of the Neo-Tethys) 93
Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian) (Extensional Tectonics) 93
Upper Triassic, Rhaetian (Progressive Extensional Stage, Carbonate Ramp) 95
Conclusion 96
References 96
Tectonic Styles: From Rifts and Salt Tectonics to Foreland Inversions and Thrust Tectonics 99
5 Structural and Stratigraphic Architecture of the Corinth Rift (Greece): An Integrated Onshore to Offshore Basin-Scale Synthesis 100
Abstract 100
Introduction 101
Geodynamic Setting 102
Pre-rift Fabrics and Rift Pattern 104
Onshore Stratigraphic Architecture 105
Updated Syn-rift Description 106
Age Model 108
Offshore Seismic Stratigraphy 109
Upper Group 109
Middle and Lower Groups 110
Comparison with Surrounding Basins 112
Lower Group and Equivalent Strata 113
Middle Group and Equivalent Strata 113
Upper Group and Equivalent Strata 113
Rift Architecture and Subsidence 114
Western Domain 114
Central Domain 114
Eastern and Easternmost Domains 116
Fault Birth and Death 117
Late Faults and Present Day Active Faults 117
Subsidence and Sedimentation Rates 117
Stratigraphic Architecture and Rifting Scenario 118
Syn-rift 1 118
Rift Initiation ca. 5.3 Ma 118
Rift Widening ca. 5.3–3.0 Ma 120
Rift Climax ca. 3.0–2.6 Ma 121
Northward Fault Migration ca. 2.6–0.8 Ma 121
Syn-rift 2: Southern Margin Uplift, Basin Axis Rapid Subsidence ca. 0.8–Present Day 121
Discussion 122
East to West Onshore Correlation 122
Onshore to Offshore Correlation 124
Age Model 124
Fault and Rift Dynamics 125
Inherited Structure and Geodynamic 125
Conclusion 126
Acknowledgments 126
References 126
6 Styles of Salt Tectonics in the Sab’atayn Basin, Onshore Yemen 132
Abstract 132
Introduction 132
Geological Setting and Regional Structure 135
Stratigraphy of the Sab’atayn Basin 135
Data Sets and Methodology 141
Seismic Expression of the Stratigraphy and Interpretation Challenges on Vintage 2D Seismic Data 141
Salt Tectonics Styles Interpreted on 2D Seismic Reflection Data: Observations and Interpretations 142
Map-View Distribution of Salt Tectonics Styles 149
Temporal Evolution of Salt Tectonics 150
Record of Extensional Deformational Stages in the Basement 153
Discussion 155
Conclusions 155
Acknowledgments 157
References 157
7 The Effect of the Palmyra Trough and Mesozoic Structures on the Levant Margin and on the Evolution of the Levant Restraining Bend 159
Abstract 159
Introduction 159
Regional Geology 161
Main Tectonic Provinces 161
Palmyrides Ranges 161
Jhar Fault 162
The Central Levant Margin 163
Current Crustal Configuration 164
Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution 164
Pre-Neogene History of the Levant Region 164
Neogene History of the Levant Region 168
Analogue Models 169
Materials and Scaling 169
Modelling Parameters 171
Results 171
Simple Transpressive Experiment 171
Experiments with Pre-existing Faults 172
Discussion 174
Reactivation of Pre-existing Structures 174
Comparison with the Central Levant Margin 175
The Relationship Between the Palmyrides and the Levant Margin 176
Impact on the Evolution of the LFS 176
Conclusion 179
Acknowledgments 179
References 179
8 Tectonic Style and Structural Features of Alpine-Himalayan Orogeny in Central Arabia 183
Abstract 183
Introduction 184
Geologic Setting 184
Methodology 187
Results 187
The East Arabian Block 188
Majma’ah Fault Zone 188
Artawiyah Depression 189
Fault-Related Folds 189
Basin-and-Dome of the Sulaiy Formation 191
Fracture Analysis and Stresses 191
Discussion 193
Conclusion 194
Acknowledgments 194
References 194
9 Fast-Track 2D Seismic Processing While Drilling to Ameliorate Foothills Exploration and Optimize Well Trajectory: An Example from the Central Kurdistan Region of Iraq 196
Abstract 196
Introduction 196
Geological Setting 197
Pre-Drill Seismic Processing and Interpretation 200
First Well Leg Drilling 200
The Jurassic Section—12 ¼? Phase 200
The Triassic Section—8 ½? Phase 203
Seismic Re-Processing and Re-Interpretation 203
Second Well Leg Drilling 206
Discussion 209
Seismic processing workflow and its place in foothills exploration sequence 209
Intense and Localized Shortening 209
Conclusion 210
Acknowledgments 210
References 210
10 Erratum to: Lithosphere Dynamics and Sedimentary Basins of the Arabian Plate and Surrounding Areas 212
Erratum to:& #6