EMR/ESR/EPR Spectroscopy for Characterization of Nanomaterials (eBook)

Dr. Ashutosh  Kumar  Shukla has obtained his B.Sc., M.Sc. and D. Phil. degrees from University of Allahabad.    His talks on science  have been regularly broadcasted on the radio. He has been working to popularize science among the masses through his published science articles on issues of general interest. He has received many scholarships and fellowships including National Scholarship, Scholarship of Ministry of Higher Education, Government of U. P., Research Fellowship of Council of Science & Tech., Lucknow, U.P., Research Fellowship of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi and Indian National Science Academy-Bilateral Exchange Fellowship.  During his doctoral work he focused on Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy and optical absorption spectroscopy to investigate transition ion doped single crystals. In addition to his exposure to the available CW-ESR spectrometers at leading institutes of his own country like National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology, Bomaby and Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, he has hands on experience with modern CW and pulsed ESR spectrometers at several leading international laboratories including University of Dundee, Scotland and University of St. Andrew’s, Scotland and Kazan State University, Kazan. ESR characterization of rare earth manganites and nano materials are his current interests. 

Preface 7
Contents 9
About the Editor 10
Nanomaterials and their Classification 11
1 Nanomaterials and their Classification 12
Abstract 12
1 Nanomaterials Definition and Classification 13
1.1 Nanomaterials Definition 13
1.2 Nanomaterials Classifications 14
1.2.1 Dimensionality 14
1.2.2 Nanomaterials Morphology 20
1.2.3 Nanomaterials Composition 20
1.2.4 Nanomaterials Uniformity and Agglomeration State 20
1.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles 21
1.3.1 Composition and Surface Composition 21
1.3.2 Crystalline Structure 22
1.3.3 Shape or Morphology 25
1.3.4 Surface Area 29
1.3.5 Water Solubility-Dispersability or Hydrophobicity-Hydrophilicity 29
1.3.6 Catalytic/Photocatalytic Activity 29
1.3.7 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles 30
1.3.8 Optical Properties 34
1.3.9 Mechanical Properties—Melting Temperature 39
1.4 Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticle 42
1.5 Nanoparticles Applications 45
1.6 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 46
References 46
2 A Brief Manifestation of Nanotechnology 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 56
2 Classification 57
2.1 Classification Based on Dimensionality 57
2.2 Classification Based on Surface Morphology 59
2.3 Classification Based on Crystalline Forms 59
2.4 Classification Based on Chemical Nature 60
2.5 Classification Based on Chemical Composition 60
2.6 Classification Based on Magnetic Behavior 61
2.7 Classification Based on Functionalization 62
2.8 Classification Based on Applications 63
3 Reason for the Peculiarity in the Properties 64
3.1 Discretness of Energy Level 64
3.1.1 Increased Surface-to-Volume Ratio 66
4 Magnetization Dynamics of Nanomaterials 67
5 Biological Importance 68
6 Conclusion 69
Acknowledgments 69
References 69
3 An Overview on Advances in the Nanocarriers Drug Delivery Systems 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 73
2 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery 74
2.1 Polymer-Based Drug Carriers 74
2.2 Liposomes 75
2.3 Dendrimers 76
2.4 Viral Nanoparticles 76
2.5 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles 76
2.6 Gold Nanoparticles 77
2.7 Carbon Nanotubes 77
3 Size and Functionalization of Nanoparticles 78
3.1 Size 78
3.2 Surface Functionalization 78
4 Conclusion 80
References 80
EMR Characterization of Nanoparticles 84
4 EMR of Metallic Nanoparticles 85
Abstract 85
1 Introduction 85
2 Nanomaterial Properties and EMR 86
3 EMR of Metallic NPs 87
3.1 Gold NPs 87
3.2 Silver NPs 88
3.3 Nickel NPs 89
3.4 Palladium NPs 90
3.5 Cerium and Gadolinium Doped Nickel Ferrite NPs 91
4 Conclusion 91
References 92
5 Electron Spin Resonance Applied to Nanosized-Doped Oxides 97
Abstract 97
1 Introduction 97
2 Isolated Paramagnetic Ions Doping Diamagnetic Nanoparticles 98
2.1 Doped Titanium Dioxide 98
2.1.1 Doping Titanium Dioxide by Metal Cations 99
2.1.2 Doping Titanium Oxide by Nonmetal Species 100
2.1.3 Co-doping Titanium Oxide by Nonmetal and Metal Species 103
2.2 Surface Oxygen Species Adsorbed on K-Doped SrTiO3±? 105
2.3 The Strange Case of Doped Nanoparticles of Cuprates 106
3 Nanosized-Doped Particle Systems and Collective Phenomena 107
3.1 Ferromagnetic Domains of Sm2+ Ions in Nanosized Sm-Doped Particles 107
3.2 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles with Fe-Doped Zeolites and Silicalites 109
3.2.1 Isolated Fe3+ Ions and Their Clusters in Fe-Doped Zeolites and Silicalites 109
3.2.2 Superparamagnetism of Nanosized Fe-Containing Clusters 110
3.3 Gd3+ Nanosized Ferromagnetic and Superparamagnetic Clusters in Gd-Doped SrTiO3±? 115
3.4 Polarons and Polaritons Propagation with Nanosized Particles of Gd-Doped CeO2 117
4 Spin Exchange Along Nanosized Chains 120
4.1 Spin Exchange Along –O–Cu–O–Cu– Chains 120
4.2 Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Interactions Along –O–Co–O–Co– Chains 124
4.3 Polaron Mobility Along –O–Mn–O–Mn–O– Nanosized Chains 126
References 130
6 EPR Studies of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles 140
Abstract 140
1 Introduction 140
2 Synthesis, Local Structure, and Distortions 141
3 Room Temperature Ferromagnetism 147
4 Toxicological Screening of Ceria Nanoparticles 148
5 Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Ceria Nanoparticles 150
6 Catalytic Effects of Ceria Nanoparticles 152
7 Other EPR Applications 152
8 Future Scope 153
Acknowledgments 153
References 153
7 Synthesis and Characterization of Undoped and Doped (Mn, Cu, Co) ZnO Nanoparticles: An EPR Study 155
Abstract 155
1 Introduction 156
1.1 Nanoparticles 156
1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 156
1.3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors (DMS) 157
1.4 Room Temperature Ferromagnetism of ZnO Nanoparticles 158
1.5 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 158
1.6 Doped ZnO Nanoparticles 159
1.7 Defect Types in ZnO Nanoparticles 160
1.8 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy 161
2 Experimental Results and Discussions 163
2.1 Synthesis of Undoped and Doped ZnO Nanoparticles 163
2.2 XRD Results 164
2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Results 166
2.4 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy Results 167
2.5 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Results 168
2.6 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Results 168
2.6.1 EPR Results for Undoped Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles 169
2.6.2 EPR Results for Mn-Doped Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles 170
2.6.3 EPR Results for Cu-Doped Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles 172
2.6.4 EPR Results for Co-Doped Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles 173
2.6.5 EPR Results of UV-Irradiated Undoped and Doped ZnO Nanoparticles 175
2.7 VSM Results 176
3 Conclusion 179
References 179