Jute Geotextiles and their Applications in Civil Engineering (eBook)

Tapobrata Sanyal is an internationally known geotechnical and river expert, an acclaimed writer, a speaker and a social thinker. He graduated in civil engineering from Calcutta University (BE College, now IIEST) in 1961. He had his post-graduate stint in Holland as a government nominee in river engineering in the specialized field of geo-synthetic applications. At present he is the Chief Consultant to National Jute Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. He is a fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) and member of several academic bodies in India and abroad. He has contributed more than 60 technical and research papers in national and international journals and has received a number of awards for his contribution. He has been awarded Life Time Achievement Certification from the International Geosynthetics Society (IS) for his outstanding contribution in the field of geosynthetics. He is the pioneer and an acknowledged exponent in application of Jute Geotextiles in India. He is in the Advisory Board of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of West Bengal (Geo-informatics & Remote Sensing). He has also been named as one of the Leading Scientists/Leading Intellectuals by foreign Assessment Boards and figures in the lists of ‘Who’s Who in Asia’, ‘Leading Scientists of the World’, ‘Leading Intellectuals of the World’ ‘Leading Professionals of The World’.

Preface 8
Acknowledgements 10
Contents 12
List of Figures 18
List of Tables 22
About the Author 24
Chapter 1: Introducing Geotextiles 25
1.1 Technical Textiles (TT) 27
1.2 Geosynthetics 28
References 30
Chapter 2: Jute, Jute Fiber, and Jute Yarn 31
2.1 History of Jute 31
2.2 Characteristics of Jute 32
2.3 Composition of Jute 33
2.4 Physical Properties of Jute Fiber 34
2.5 Grading of Raw Jute 36
2.6 Jute Yarns 36
2.7 Processing of Jute Yarns 37
2.8 Yarn Quality 40
References 41
Chapter 3: Jute Geotextiles: Its Types and Functions 42
3.1 Types of JGT 43
3.2 Woven JGT 43
3.3 Nonwoven JGT 44
3.4 Open Weave JGT 45
3.5 Properties of Jute Fiber 46
3.6 Basic Functions of Jute Geotextile 46
3.7 Explanation of Functions of JGT 47
3.8 Separation 47
3.9 Filtration 48
3.10 Drainage 50
3.11 Initial Reinforcement 50
3.12 Survivability of Jute Geotextiles 51
3.13 Durability of Jute Geotextiles 51
3.14 Important Geotextile-Related Functional Features 52
References 54
Chapter 4: Soil Basics 55
4.1 Classification of Soil 55
4.2 Grain Size Distribution of Soil 56
4.3 Salient Properties of Soil 56
4.4 Other Important Soil Parameters 58
4.5 Some Important Points Regarding Soil 60
References 61
Chapter 5: Control of Soil Erosion Caused by Rain and Wind with Jute Geotextiles 62
5.1 Rain-Induced Soil Erosion 63
5.2 Wind-Induced Soil Erosion 63
5.3 Mechanism of Soil Erosion Due to Precipitation 63
5.4 Destabilization of Hillslope 65
5.5 Structural Corrective Measures in Hillslopes 66
5.6 Soil Bioengineering with JGT in Controlling Topsoil Erosion 67
5.7 How Soil Bioengineering Helps in Erosion Control 69
5.8 Discussion on the Role of Jute Geotextiles (JGT) in Soil Bioengineering 70
5.9 Design Principle for Erosion Control 73
5.10 Elements of Design for Slope Erosion Management with JGT 74
5.10.1 Impact of Raindrops on Topsoil in the Presence of OW JGT 75
5.10.2 Overland Storage by OW JGT 76
5.10.3 Reduction in Run-Off Velocity in the Presence of OW JGT 78
5.11 Prototype Studies with JGT in Hillslope 81
5.12 Selection of JGT 82
5.13 Installation of JGT 82
References 83
Chapter 6: Strengthening of Road Sub-grade with Jute Geotextiles 85
6.1 Functional Requirements 86
6.1.1 Separation 86
6.1.2 Filtration 87
6.2 Analytical Concept 88
6.2.1 Static Loading Effects on Road 88
6.2.2 Dynamic Loading Effects on Road 89
6.3 Approach to Design of Roads with Jute Geotextiles (JGT) 91
6.4 Salient Findings of Ramaswamy and Aziz 91
6.5 Design Elements for Low Volume Roads with JGT 92
6.5.1 Traffic 94
6.5.2 Axles and Loads 94
6.5.3 Properties of Base Course Material and Sub-grade 94
6.6 Design Methodology for Determining Pavement Thickness Using JGT 95
6.7 Computation of Pavement Thickness 95
6.7.1 Burmister´s Two-Layer Concept 96
6.8 Effect of Number of Passes on Thickness of Pavement 97
6.9 Determination of Value of Constant ``K´´ 97
6.10 CBR vs. Pavement Thickness Curves Under a Set of ``ESAL´´ Range 97
6.11 Selection of JGT 99
6.11.1 Retention 99
6.11.2 Filtration 99
6.12 Installation Method of JGT in Roads 100
Annex I: Design Graphs for Determining Pavement Thickness for Low Volume Roads Under a Range of CBR% of Sub-grade 103
Annex II: Comparison of Pavement Thickness with and Without JGT Determined with the Modified Relations (Eqs. 6.8 and 6.9) Base... 104
Annex III: Elastic Modulus of Woven Jute Fabric 107
References 107
Chapter 7: Controlling Riverbank Erosion with Jute Geotextiles 109
7.1 Conventional Granular Filter 110
7.2 Advantages of Geotextiles Over Conventional Graded Filter in Riverbank Protection 110
7.3 Bank Protection with JGT 111
7.4 Design Concept 112
7.5 Elements of Design 112
7.6 Soil Retention Criteria for Different Flow Conditions 113
7.7 Permeability Criterion 114
7.8 Transmissivity Criterion for Drainage Function 115
7.9 Survivability Criteria 116
7.10 Anti-clogging Criterion 116
7.11 Design of Armor or Riprap 117
7.12 Installation Procedure of JGT on Riverbank 119
Annex: Transmissivity of Woven JGT (627gsm/20kN/m) 121
References 121
Chapter 8: Stabilizing Embankments with Jute Geotextiles 123
8.1 Causes of Instability of Embankments 123
8.2 Principle of Reinforced Soil 124
8.3 Advantages of Using JGT in Stabilizing Embankments 124
8.4 Design Approach 125
8.5 Properties of JGT to Be Used in Embankments 127
8.6 Installation Procedure for JGT in Embankments 127
References 129
Chapter 9: Management of Settlement of Railway Tracks 130
9.1 Remedial Approach 131
9.2 Installation Procedure 132
9.3 Type of JGT to Be Used 134
Reference 134
Chapter 10: Consolidation of Soft Soil with Prefabricated Vertical Jute Drain 135
10.1 Advantages of Using PVJD in Soft Soil Consolidation 136
10.2 Design Approach 136
10.3 Prefabricated Vertical Jute Drain (PVJD) 138
10.4 Installation of Vertical Drains 140
10.5 Study on Performance of PVJD by the University of Wollongong, Australia 141
References 143
Chapter 11: Jute Geotextile Standards, Properties, and Test Methods 144
11.1 European Standards for Man-Made Geotextiles 145
11.2 International Standards for Man-Made Geotextiles 145
11.3 Published Indian Standards 146
11.4 Property Parameters of JGT and Tests 147
11.5 Testing of Physical Properties 147
11.5.1 Mass Per Unit Area 148
11.5.2 Thickness 148
11.5.3 Porometry/Apparent Opening Size 148
11.5.4 Width and Length 149
11.5.5 Drapability 149
11.6 Testing of Mechanical Properties 150
11.6.1 Tensile Strength 150
11.6.2 Trapezoidal Tear Strength 150
11.6.3 Puncture Strength 151
11.6.4 Mullen Burst Strength 152
11.6.5 Interfacial Frictional Resistance 153
11.7 Testing of Hydraulic Properties 154
11.7.1 Permittivity of JGT (Psi) 155
11.7.2 Transmissivity of JGT (theta) 155
11.7.3 Clogging Potential of JGT 157
References 157
Chapter 12: Environmental Aspects 158
12.1 Life Cycle of Jute 158
12.2 Environmental Assessment 158
12.3 Eco-compatibility of JGT 160
12.4 Findings of the Study by PwC 161
References 164
Chapter 13: Potentially Important Jute Geotextiles 165
13.1 Specification of Different Types of JGT Vis-à-Vis Application 171
13.2 Type 1: Open Weave Jute Geotextile 171
13.3 Type 2: Nonwoven Jute Geotextile 171
13.4 Type 3: Woven JGT 172
13.5 Comparative Assessment of JGT with Man-Made Geotextiles 173
13.6 Property-Wise Advantages of JGT Over Other Geotextiles 174
References 177
Chapter 14: Transportation, Storage, and Handling of JGT 178
14.1 Acceptance of JGT at the Site 178
14.2 Storage 179
14.3 Unloading at the Site 179
Reference 180
Chapter 15: Prospective Applications of JGT and Its Variants 181
15.1 Bituminized Jute Paving Fabric (BJPF) 183
15.2 Jute Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 185
15.3 Jute Agrotextiles (JAT) 186
15.4 Open Weave JGT for Wind-Induced Erosion Control in Deserts 186
References 187
Chapter 16: Economical and Environmental Advantages of JGT 189
16.1 Economical Advantages of JGT in Different Applications 189
16.1.1 Economical Aspects of Using JGT in Low-Volume Road Construction 189
16.1.2 Environmental Aspects of Using JGT in Low-Volume Road Construction 190
16.1.3 Economical Aspects of Using JGT in Riverbank Protection 191
16.1.4 Economical and Environmental Aspects of Using JGT in Slope Management 192
Reference 193
Chapter 17: Application of JGT and a Few Case Studies 194
17.1 Potential Areas of Application of JGT 195
17.2 International Projects on JGT 196
17.3 Case Studies 197
17.3.1 Case Study 1 197
17.3.1.1 Results and Discussion 199
17.3.2 Case Study 2 201
17.3.2.1 Note on Treatment of JGT 207
17.3.3 Case Study 3 208
17.3.4 Case Study 4 212
17.3.5 Case Study 5 220
17.3.5.1 Results and Discussion 221
References 224
Chapter 18: Future of Jute Geotextile 225
References 227
Index 228