OECD Series on Carbon Pricing and Energy Taxation Effective Carbon Rates Pricing CO2 through Taxes and Emissions Trading Systems (eBook)

Foreword 5
Acknowledgements 7
Table of contents 9
Abbreviations 15
Executive summary 17
Reader’s guide 19
Part I. Effective carbon rates in OECD and selected partner economies 21
Chapter 1. Effective carbon rates: An introduction and main results 23
References 27
Chapter 2. Carbon pricing: Reducing emissions in a cost-effective manner 29
Why carbon prices are effective 30
Why carbon prices are cost-effective 31
Carbon prices help implement the polluter pays principle and boost economic benefits 32
The climate cost of carbon emissions 33
Carbon pricing in a wider economic context 34
References 36
Chapter 3. Effective carbon rates: Concept and scope 39
Effective carbon rates: Definition 40
Data for estimating effective carbon rates 42
Treatment of CO2 emissions from the combustion of biomass 43
Treatment of tax expenditures, support for fossil fuels and value added taxes 44
References 45
Chapter 4. Effective carbon rates: Results of the analysis 47
Patterns of CO2 emissions from energy use in 41 countries 48
Effective carbon rates: Results of the analysis 52
Effective carbon rates: The bigger picture 69
Notes 75
References 76
Chapter 5. Effective carbon rates: Summary and conclusions 77
Part II. Country results 81
Chapter 6. Effective carbon rates across 41 countries and on a country-by-country basis 83
Distribution of effective carbon rate levels 84
Average effective carbon rates by sector and price instrument 85
Argentina 87
Australia 88
Austria 89
Belgium 90
Brazil 91
Canada 92
Chile 93
People’s Republic of China 94
Czech Republic 95
Denmark 96
Estonia 98
Finland 99
France 100
Germany 101
Greece 102
Hungary 103
Iceland 104
India 105
Indonesia 106
Ireland 107
Israel 108
Italy 109
Japan 110
Korea 111
Luxembourg 112
Mexico 113
Netherlands 115
New Zealand 116
Norway 117
Poland 119
Portugal 120
Russian Federation 121
Slovak Republic 122
Slovenia 123
South Africa 124
Spain 125
Sweden 126
Switzerland 127
Turkey 129
United Kingdom 130
United States 131
Annex A. Estimating effective carbon rates 133
Annex B. Description of emissions trading systems and results 153