Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS (eBook)

Foreword 7
Preface 9
Acknowledgments 11
Contents 12
1 Introduction to Physics-Based Distributed Hydrology 16
Abstract 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Model Classification 18
1.3 Geospatial Data for Hydrology 24
1.4 Surface Generation 25
1.5 Spatial Resolution and Information Content 26
1.6 Infiltration 26
1.7 Hydraulic Roughness 27
1.8 Watersheds and Drainage Networks 28
1.9 Distributed Precipitation Estimation 28
1.10 Surface Runoff Model Formulation 29
1.11 Distributed Model Calibration 31
1.12 Case Studies in Distributed Hydrology 31
1.13 Vflo®—Software for Distributed Hydrology 32
1.14 Summary 32
References 33
2 Geospatial Data for Hydrology 35
Abstract 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Map Scale and Spatial Detail 36
2.3 Georeferenced Coordinate Systems 37
2.4 Map Projections 39
2.5 Data Representation 43
2.5.1 Metadata 43
2.5.2 Topographic Representation 44
2.5.2.1 Contour 45
2.5.2.2 Raster 45
2.5.2.3 Triangular Irregular Network 47
2.6 Watershed Delineation 49
2.6.1 Algorithms for Delineating Watersheds 50
2.6.2 Problems with Flat Areas 51
2.7 Soil Classification 52
2.8 Land Use/Cover Classification 54
2.9 Summary 55
References 55
3 Surface Generation 57
Abstract 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Interpolation 58
3.2.1 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation 60
3.2.2 Kriging 62
3.2.3 Spline 68
3.2.3.1 Generalizations of Splines 71
3.2.3.2 Example of Surface Interpolation 73
3.3 Summary 75
References 76
4 Spatial Variability Measuring Information Content 78
Abstract 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Information Content 84
4.3 Fractal Interpretation 86
4.4 DEM Resolution Effects 88
4.5 Summary 93
References 94
5 Infiltration 96
Abstract 96
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 Approaches to Infiltration Modeling 98
5.3 Green-Ampt Infiltration 102
5.3.1 Parameter Estimation 103
5.3.2 Parameter Uncertainty 107
5.4 Summary 109
References 110
6 Hydraulic Roughness 113
Abstract 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Hydraulics of Surface Runoff 115
6.3 Watershed Applications 120
6.4 Summary 124
References 125
7 Watersheds and Drainage Networks 127
Abstract 127
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 Drainage Network Extraction 128
7.2.1 Sensitivity to Drainage Network Composition 132
7.2.2 Resolution-Dependent Effects 135
7.2.3 Constraining Drainage Direction 138
7.3 Summary 140
References 142
8 Distributed Precipitation Estimation 144
Abstract 144
8.1 Introduction 144
8.2 Rain Gauge Estimation of Rainfall 144
8.3 Radar Estimation of Precipitation 153
8.3.1 Rainfall Drop Size Distributions 155
8.3.2 Z-R Relationships 157
8.3.3 Radar Power Differences 159
8.3.4 Radar Bias Adjustment 160
8.3.5 WSR-88D Radar Characteristics 163
8.3.6 WSR-88D Precipitation Processing Stream 165
8.4 Input for Hydrologic Modeling 168
8.5 Summary 171
References 172
9 Surface Runoff Model Formulation 175
Abstract 175
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Mathematical Formulation 179
9.2.1 Numerical Solution 181
9.2.2 Grid Resolution Effects 183
9.3 Surface Runoff Modeling Example 183
9.4 Time-Dependent Solution 187
9.5 Rainfall Excess Determination 187
9.6 Subsurface Flow 189
9.7 Subsurface and Surface Water Balance 192
9.8 Summary 194
References 194
10 Distributed Model Calibration 198
Abstract 198
10.1 Introduction 198
10.2 Calibration Approach 200
10.3 Distributed Model Calibration 202
10.3.1 Parameter Adjustment 203
10.3.2 Cost Functions 206
10.4 Parameter Search Algorithms 210
10.4.1 Forward Model 211
10.4.2 Inverse Model 211
10.5 Calibration Example 214
10.6 Summary 215
References 216
11 Case Studies in Distributed Hydrology 219
Abstract 219
11.1 Introduction 219
11.2 Case Study I—Reservoir Inflow Forecasting 220
11.2.1 Hydrometeorological System 222
11.2.2 Model Parameter Adjustment 224
11.3 Case Study II—Urban Flood Forecasting 225
11.3.1 Basin Characteristics 226
11.4 Case Study III—Climate Change Impact Assessment 228
11.4.1 Precipitation Inputs 229
11.4.2 Potential Evapotranspiration 229
11.4.3 Hydrologic Modeling ‘As-If’ Climate Has Changed 230
11.4.4 Historic Period Calibration 232
11.4.5 Climate Change Perturbation 234
11.4.6 Hydrologic Analysis 238
11.5 Summary 240
References 241
12 Vflo®—Software for Distributed Hydrology 243
Abstract 243
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Building Watershed Models 246
12.3 Precipitation Input 246
12.3.1 Design Storm Analysis 246
12.3.2 Continuous Simulation 249
12.4 Pipes Extension 253
12.5 Inundation Analyst 253
12.6 Model Feature Summary 255
12.6.1 Cell Types 257
12.6.2 Network Statistics 258
12.6.3 Channel Routing 261
12.6.4 Baseflow 261
12.6.5 Infiltration 262
12.6.6 Precipitation Input Format 262
12.6.7 Calibration 263
12.7 Vflo® Real-time 264
12.8 Data Requirements 265
12.9 Summary 266
References 266
Index 269