Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 9
About the Editors 11
1 Nanoclay Modification and Functionalization for Nanocomposites Development: Effect on the Structural, Morphological, Mechanical and Rheological Properties 13
Abstract 13
1 Introduction 14
2 Clay Minerals: Structure, Properties and Applications 15
3 Oragnosilane Chemistry 21
4 Silylation of Clay Minerals 23
5 Preparation and Characterization of Silane Grafted Clay 26
5.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 27
5.2 Structural Characteristics (FTIR) 28
5.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 30
6 Nanocomposites Preparation 33
6.1 Dynamic Light Scattering 34
6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 34
6.3 Melt Flow Index 35
6.4 Tensile Testing 36
6.5 Torsional Test 39
6.6 Melt Rheological Test 39
7 Conclusions 42
References 43
2 Characteristic Properties of Nanoclays and Characterization of Nanoparticulates and Nanocomposites 47
Abstract 47
1 Nanoclays 48
1.1 Structural and Physical Properties of Nanoclays 49
1.1.1 Halloysite 50
1.1.2 Montmorillonite 54
1.2 Organophilization of Nanoclays 55
1.3 Nanoclays as Nano Fillers for Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites 57
2 Characterization 59
2.1 Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 59
2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 60
2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 62
3 Conclusion and Future Perspective 64
References 64
3 Modification of Nanoclay Systems: An Approach to Explore Various Applications 68
Abstract 68
1 Introduction 69
2 Development in Clay Studies 70
3 Structure and Types of Nanoclay Particles 71
3.1 Type 1:1 Phyllosilicates 71
3.1.1 The Kaolinite Group 72
3.2 Type 2:1 Phyllosilicates 72
3.2.1 The MMT/Smectite Group 73
3.2.2 The Vermiculite Group 73
3.2.3 The Illite Group 74
3.3 Type 2:2 or 2:1:1 Phyllosilicates 74
3.3.1 The Chlorite Group 74
4 Properties of Clay 75
4.1 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 75
4.2 Electrical Conductivity 75
4.3 Thermal Barrier, Flame Retardancy and Anticorrosive Properties 76
4.4 Characterization of Clay 77
5 Modification of Clay Materials 79
6 Polymer Clay Nanocomposites (PCN) 80
6.1 PCN Structure 81
6.2 Preparation of PCN 82
6.2.1 Pre-Swell or Exfoliate 82
6.2.2 In Situ Polymerization 83
6.2.3 Melt Intercalation 84
7 Applications 85
7.1 Drug Delivery 85
7.2 Treatment of Waste Water 86
7.3 Enzyme Immobilizer 87
8 Conclusion 88
Acknowledgment 88
References 89
4 Geology and Mineralogy of Clays for Nanocomposites: State of Knowledge and Methodology 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Clay-Based Nanocomposites 96
3 Clays and Clay Minerals 98
3.1 Definitions 98
3.2 Classification of Clay Minerals 98
3.3 Properties of Clay Minerals 103
3.4 Clays Genesis Process 105
3.5 Geographical Distribution of Clays 107
3.6 The Geological Cycle of Clays 108
4 Clay for Nanocomposites 110
4.1 Geological Prospecting Clays 111
4.2 Purification of Clays 115
4.3 Organophilic Modifications of Clays 117
5 Conclusion 119
Acknowledgement 120
References 120
5 Bioplastics and Bionanocomposites Based on Nanoclays and Other Nanofillers 124
Abstract 124
1 Introduction 125
2 Bioplastics 126
2.1 Cellulose Based Nanofillers 127
2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 129
2.3 Nanoclays 132
3 Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources 133
3.1 Cellulose Nanocomposites 134
3.2 CNT Nanocomposites 136
3.3 Clay Nanocomposites 138
4 Applications 141
4.1 Packaging 141
4.2 Electronics, Sensor and Energy Applications 144
4.3 Bionanocomposites for Medical Applications 146
5 Conclusion 146
References 148
6 Oxygen Permeability of Layer Silicate Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 150
1.1 Polymer Composites: Opening the New Era of Material Chemistry 150
1.2 Layered Silicate as Reinforcing Phase 151
2 Experimental Technique 153
2.1 Materials 153
2.2 Methods 153
2.3 Standard Techniques Used for Characterization and Study of Properties 155
3 Characterization of Layer Silicate Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites 156
3.1 FTIR Analysis 156
3.2 XRD Analysis 158
3.3 Morphological Analysis 162
4 Study of Oxygen Permeability of Layer Silicate Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites 165
5 Conclusions 171
References 172
7 Bionanocomposite Materials Based on Chitosan Reinforced with Nanocrystalline Cellulose and Organo-Modified Montmorillonite 175
Abstract 175
1 Introduction 176
2 Chitosan: Structure and Properties 177
3 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 178
4 Nanocrystalline Cellulose: Structure and Properties 179
5 Oragno-Modified-Montmorillonite: Structure and Proprieties 181
6 Molecular Design and Synthetic Procedures 185
7 Montmorillonite-Hemicyane Dye (MMT-HD) Characterization 186
8 Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) Characterization 188
9 Hybrid Bionanocomposites Film Characterization (Cs/OMMT:NCC) 189
10 Mechanical and Microstructure Properties 193
11 Barrier Properties 196
12 Conclusions 197
References 198
8 Hybrid Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 203
Abstract 203
1 Introduction 204
1.1 Classification of Nanoparticles Using in Polymer Nanocomposites 205
1.2 Layered Silicate 205
1.3 Hybrid Composites 206
2 Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites Preparation 206
2.1 Intercalation of Polymer from a Solution 206
2.2 Melt Intercalation 206
2.3 In-Situ Polymerization 207
2.4 Sol-Gel Method 207
3 Hybrid Layered Silicate Based Polymer Nanocomposites 207
3.1 Polypropylene-Clay Nanocomposites 208
3.2 Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites 208
3.3 Polystyrene-Clay Nanocomposites 209
3.4 Natural Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites 209
4 Applications and Prospective 210
5 Conclusion 212
References 212
9 Rubber/Nanoclay Composites: Towards Advanced Functional Materials 216
Abstract 216
1 Introduction 216
2 Preparation and Properties 219
3 Characterizations 224
4 Applications 226
5 Summary and Future Perspectives 227
References 228
10 Clay, Natural Fibers and Thermoset Resin Based Hybrid Composites: Preparation, Characterization and Mechanical Properties 232
Abstract 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Hybrid Matrix: Thermoset Matrix and Natural Filler (Clay) 234
2.1 Preparation 234
2.2 Morphological Characteristics 235
2.3 Complex Viscosity of Hybrid Matrix 236
2.4 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Matrix 236
2.4.1 Tensile Properties 236
2.4.2 Rheological Properties 238
2.5 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Matrix 239
3 Thermoset Composites with Hybrid Reinforcement 241
3.1 Hybrid Composites with Natural/Synthetic Reinforcement 241
3.2 Hybrid Composites with Natural/Natural Reinforcement 243
4 Bi Hybrid Composites: Hybrid Matrix and Hybrid Reinforcement 244
4.1 Materials and Preparation 244
4.1.1 Materials 244
4.1.2 Composite Preparation 245
Layer Stacking 245
4.2 Experimental and Theoretical Densities 246
4.2.1 Experimental Density of Laminated Composite 247
4.2.2 Theoretical Density of Laminated Composite 247
4.3 Mechanical Properties of bi Hybrid Composites 247
4.3.1 Tensile Properties 247
Effect of Clay Content 247
Effect of the Fiber Orientation 248
Effect of the Fiber Size 249
Effect of the Fiber Architecture 249
4.3.2 Torsional Properties 250
5 Conclusion 251
References 251
11 Wear Properties of Nanoclay Filled Epoxy Polymers and Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites 254
Abstract 254
1 Introduction 255
2 Experimental 257
2.1 Materials 257
2.2 Sample Fabrication 257
2.3 Dry Sliding Wear Test 258
2.4 Slurry Test 259
3 Results and Discussions 261
3.1 Mass Loss and Specific Wear Rate Measured Using Dry Sliding Wear Test 261
3.2 Mass Loss and Specific Wear Rate Measured Using Slurry Test 263
4 Conclusion 266
Acknowledgments 266
References 266
12 Synthesis of Natural Rubber/Palygorskite Nanocomposites via Silylation and Cation Exchange 268
Abstract 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Experimental 271
2.1 Materials 271
2.2 Clay Treatment and Sample Preparation 271
2.2.1 Treatment of Clay 271
Silylation Method 271
Cation Exchange Method 271
2.2.2 Clay Dispersion Preparation 272
2.2.3 Rubber Compounding Preparation 272
2.2.4 Vulcanization Process 273
2.2.5 Testing 273
Curing Characteristics 273
Tensile Test 274
Tear Test 274
Hardness Test 274
Crosslink Density 274
Rubber-Filler Interaction 275
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) 275
High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) 276
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 276
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 276
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 276
3 Results and Discussions 277
3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 277
3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 278
3.3 Curing Characteristics 279
3.4 Tensile Test 280
3.5 Crosslink Density 284
3.6 Tear Test 285
3.7 Hardness Test 286
3.8 Rubber-Filler Interaction 286
3.9 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) 287
3.10 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) 289
3.11 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 290
4 Conclusion 293
Acknowledgments 293
References 293
13 Impact of Nanoclay on the Properties of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites 297
Abstract 297
1 Introduction 298
2 Density Measurement and WPG 299
3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 300
4 X-Ray Diffraction Study 303
5 Morphological Studies 303
5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) 303
5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 304
6 Mechanical Properties 305
6.1 Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Compressive Modulus 305
6.2 Dynamic Young’s Modulus (Ed) 306
6.3 Storage Modulus (E?) 307
6.4 Loss Tangent (Tan?) 309
7 Decay Resistance 310
8 Conclusion 311
Acknowledgment 311
References 311
14 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hybrid Graphene/Halloysite Nanotubes Reinforced Polyethylene Terepthalate Nanocomposites 314
Abstract 314
1 Introduction 315
2 Experimental 316
2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation 316
2.2 Testing and Characterization 316
2.2.1 Tensile Test 316
2.2.2 Flexural Test 316
2.2.3 Impact Test 317
2.2.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 317
3 Results and Discussion 317
3.1 Tensile Test 317
3.1.1 Tensile Strength 318
Effect of Extruder Type on Tensile Strength of PET Nanocomposites 319
3.1.2 Young’s Modulus 320
Effect of Extruder on Young’s Modulus of PET Nanocomposites 320
3.1.3 Elongation at Break 321
Effect of Extruder Type on Elongation at Break of PET Nanocomposites 322
3.2 Flexural Test 323
3.2.1 Flexural Strength 323
Effect of Extruder Type on Flexural Strength of PET Nanocomposites 324
3.2.2 Flexural Modulus 325
Effect of Extruder Type on Flexural Modulus of PET Nanocomposites 326
3.3 Impact Test 327
3.3.1 Effect of Extruder Type on Impact Strength of PET Nanocomposites 328
3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis 329
4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 331
References 331
15 Nanoclay Reinforced on Biodegradable Polymer Composites: Potential as a Soil Stabilizer 333
Abstract 333
1 Nanoclay 334
1.1 Definition of Nanoclay 334
1.2 Properties of Nanoclay 335
1.3 Applications of Nanoclay 336
2 Biodegradable Polymer 338
2.1 Definition of Biodegradable Polymer 338
2.2 Types of Biodegradable Polymer 339
2.3 Properties of Biodegradable Polymer 341
2.4 Applications of Biodegradable Polymer 343
2.4.1 Packaging Material 343
2.4.2 Medicine 343
2.4.3 Agriculture 344
2.4.4 Ecological 345
2.4.5 Automotive 345
3 Nanoclay and Biodegradable Polymers 346
3.1 Technology of Nanoclay and Biodegradable Polymers 346
3.2 Process of Nanoclay and Biodegradable Polymers 347
3.3 Properties of Nanoclay Reinforced on Polymers 348
3.4 Applications of Nanoclay and Biodegradable Materials 350
4 Problems and Challenges of Nanoclay and Biodegradable Materials 352
5 Potential in Soil Stabilizers 353
6 Future Perspective 354
7 Conclusion 354
References 355
16 Development and Characterization of Nano Clay Reinforced Three-Phase Sandwich Composite Laminates 361
Abstract 361
1 Introduction 362
2 Materials and Methods 364
3 Manufacturing of Nano Composites 366
3.1 Preparation of Organic Montmorillonite (OMMT) 366
3.2 Dispersion of Nanoclay with Matrix 366
3.3 Preparation of Nano Composites 366
4 Experimental Procedure 370
4.1 Tensile Test 370
4.2 Flexural Test Analysis 371
4.3 Charpy Impact Test 373
4.4 Free Vibration Test 374
4.5 Post Impact Testing 376
4.6 Water Absorption Testing 379
4.7 Hardness Testing 380
4.8 Microstructure Analysis 380
5 Properties of Smart Materials 382
5.1 Flexural Properties 383
5.2 Charpy Impact Strength 384
5.3 Water Absorption Behaviour 385
5.4 Low Velocity Impact Damage Area 385
5.5 Comparison of Compression After Impact (CAI) Properties 386
5.6 Microstructure Analysis 387
5.6.1 XRD Analysis 388
5.6.2 EDS Analysis 389
5.6.3 SEM Analysis 390
6 Summary of Research Findings 392
Acknowledgments 393
References 393