Radio Wave Propagation in Satellite Communication Systems

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Purpose and Objectives.- 1.2 Developments and Trends in Space Communications.- 1.3 Frequency Allocations and Regulatory Aspects.- 1.3.1 Frequency Allocations for Satellite Communications.- References.- 2 Fundamentals of Radiowave Propagation.- 2.1 Transmission Principles.- 2.2 Antenna Gain and Free Space Attenuation.- 2.3 Polarization.- 2.4 Radiowave Frequency and Space Communications.- 2.5 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms.- 2.6 Major Radiowave Propagation Factors in Space Communications.- 2.6.1 Propagation Factors Above About 3 GHz.- 2.6.2 Propagation Factors Below About 3 GHz.- References.- 3 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases.- 3.1 Oxygen and Water Vapor Attenuation 25.- 3.2 Total Slant Path Atmospheric Attenuation.- 3.2.1 Multiple Regression Analysis Procedure.- 3.3 Summary of Atmospheric Attenuation Procedure.- References.- 4 Hydrometeor Attenuation on Satellite Paths.- 4.1 Classical Development for Rain Attenuation.- 4.1.1 Attenuation and Rain Rate.- 4.1.2 Slant Path and Elevation Angle Dependence.- 4.2 Rain Attenuation Measurements.- 4.3 Cloud and Fog Attenuation.- 4.3.1 Cloud Attenuation Prediction Model.- 4.3.1 Fog Attenuation on Earth-Space Paths.- References.- 5 Rain Attenuation Prediction Methods.- 5.1 Rice Holmberg Rain Model.- 5.2 Dutton-Dougherty Attenution Prediction.- 5.3 Lin Rain Attenuation Model.- 5.4 Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model.- 5.5 CCIR Rain Attenuation Model.- 5.6 Summary.- References.- 6 Depolarization on Satellite Paths.- 6.1 Depolarization Caused By Rain.- 6.1.1 Depolarization Prediction.- 6.1.2 Depolarization Measurements.- 6.2 Ice Depolarization.- 6.2.1 Ice Depolarization Measurements.- 6.2.2 Ice Depolarization Prediction.- 6.2.3 Summary.- 6.3 Multipath Depolarization.- 6.3.1 Multipath Depolarization Characteristics.- References.- 7 Radio Noise in Satellite Communications.- 7.1 Noise From Atmospheric Gases.- 7.2 Noise From Clouds.- 7.3 Noise From Rain.- 7.4 Noise From Surface Emissions.- 7.5 Noise From Extra-terrestrial Sources.- References.- 8 Scintillation, Bandwidth Coherence, and Other Propagation Factors.- 8.1 Scintillation.- 8.1.1 Ionospheric Scintillation.- 8.1.2 Tropospheric Scintillation.- 8.1.3 Amplitude Scintillation Measurements in Earth-Space Paths.- 8.2 Bandwidth Coherence.- 8.3 Antenna Gain Degradation and Angle of Arrival Effects.- References.- 9 Propagation Effects on Communications Satellite Link Performance.- 9.1 Communications System Parameters.- 9.1.1 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure.- 9.1.2 Figure of Merit.- 9.1.3 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio.- 9.1.4 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power.- 9.1.5 Percent-of-Time Performance Specifications.- 9.2 Link Performance in the Presence of Propagation Effects.- 9.2.1 Frequency Translation Satellite.- 9.2.2 On-board Processing Satellite 171.- 9.2.3 Effects of Path Attenuation on System Performance.- References.- 10 Restoration Techniques for Overcoming Severe Attenuation.- 10.1 Site Diversity.- 10.1.1 Diversity Gain and Diversity Improvement.- 10.1.2 Diversity Measurements.- 10.1.3 Diversity System Performance and Design.- 10.1.4 Diversity Processing.- 10.2 Power Control.- 10.2.1 Uplink Power Control.- 10.2.2 Downlink Power Control.- 10.3 Orbital Diversity.- 10.4 Spot Beams.- 10.5 Signal Processing Restoration Techniques.- 10.5.1 Frequency Diversity.- 10.5.2 Bandwidth Reduction.- 10.5.3 Transmission Delay.- 10.5.4 Adaptive Forward Error Correction.- 10.6 Summary.- References.- Appendix A Elevation Angle Dependence for Slant Path Communications Links.- Appendix B Interpolation Procedure for Atmospheric Attenuation Coefficients.- Appendix D Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure.- Appendix E CCIR Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure.- Appendix F CCIR Tropospheric Scintillation Model Procedure.