Science and Technology of Separation Membranes, 2 Volume Set

Tadashi Uragami, Functional Separation Membrane Research Center, Japan

Preface xix

Acknowledgements xxiii

Volume I

1 Introduction to Membrane Science and Technology 1

1.1 History of Membrane Science and Technology 1

1.2 Membrane Module 6

1.3 Necessity of Membrane Science and Technology 7

References 8

2 Membrane Structure 13

2.1 Structural Design of Membranes 13

2.2 Symmetric Non-porous and Porous Membranes 14

2.3 Asymmetric and Composite Membranes 15

2.4 Relation between Structure and Preparation Condition of Membrane 16

2.5 Structure of Liquid Membranes 50

2.6 Structure of Inorganic Membranes 53

References 53

3 Preparation Methods of Membranes 59

3.1 Polymer Membranes 59

3.2 Inorganic Membranes 74

3.3 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Membranes 75

3.4 Liquid Membranes 76

References 80

4 Membrane Shapes and Modules 87

4.1 Membrane Shapes 87

4.2 Membrane Module 94

References 102

5 Characterization of Membrane 105

5.1 Methods and Subjects of Evaluation 105

References 142

6 Fundamentals of Membrane Transport Phenomena 147

6.1 Thermodynamical Fundamentals for Membrane Transport 147

6.2 Solution-Diffusion Model 166

6.3 Pore Flow 171

References 177

7 Phenomena during Membrane Permeation and Separation 181

7.1 Concentration Polarization 181

7.2 Membrane Fouling 197

References 199

8 Dialysis 205

8.1 Diffusion Dialysis 205

8.2 Donnan Dialysis 224

8.3 Neutralization Dialysis 226

8.4 Piezodialysis 228

8.5 Electrodialysis 233

8.6 Technologies of Electrodialysis 237

8.7 Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes 244

References 251

9 Reverse Osmosis 259

9.1 Principle of Reverse Osmosis 259

9.2 Fundamental Analysis of Reverse Osmosis 259

9.3 Materials and Structures of Reverse Osmosis Membranes 266

9.4 Concentration Polarization and Fouling 270

9.5 Technologies and Applications of Reverse Osmosis 274

9.6 Membrane Module of Reverse Osmosis 289

9.7 Membrane Cleaning 291

References 292

10 Nanofiltration 297

10.1 Principle of Nanofiltration 297

10.2 Fundamental Analysis of Nanofiltration 297

10.3 Membranes and Modules for Nanofiltration 300

10.4 Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling in Nanofiltration 308

10.5 Technology 311

References 318

11 Ultrafiltration 325

11.1 Principle of Ultrafiltration 325

11.2 Fundamental Analysis of Ultrafiltration 325

11.3 Membranes for Ultrafiltration 333

11.4 Ultrafiltration Modes 333

11.5 Concentration Polarization and Fouling in Ultrafiltration 335

11.6 Ultrafiltration Technology 342

11.7 Ultrafiltration Applications 343

References 355

12 Microfiltration 359

12.1 Principle of Microfiltration 359

12.2 Fundamental Analysis of Microfiltration 360

12.3 Membranes for Microfiltration 363

12.4 Fouling in Microfiltration 365

12.5 Module of Microfiltration 368

12.6 Microfiltration Technology 368

References 375

13 Comparison of Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Processes 379

13.1 Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Technologies 379

13.2 Problems of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 382

References 383

Volume II

14 Forward Osmosis 385

14.1 Principle of Forward Osmosis 385

14.2 Advantages and Problems of Forward Osmosis 385

14.3 Fundamental Analysis of Forward Osmosis 387

14.4 Membranes and Modules for Forward Osmosis 387

14.5 Technology 391

14.6 Application Area of Forward Osmosis Process 391

14.7 Improvement of Forward Osmosis Membrane Performance 401

14.8 Fouling in Forward Osmosis 406

References 408

15 Pervaporation 413

15.1 Principle of Pervaporation 413

15.2 Fundamental Analysis of Pervaporation 414

15.3 Membranes for Pervaporation 417

15.4 Technologies 428

References 461

16 Evapomeation 471

16.1 Principle of Evapomeation 471

16.2 Membranes of Evapomeation 472

16.3 Technology of Evapomeation 475

References 502

17 Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 509

17.1 Principle of Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 509

17.2 Membranes of Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 509

17.3 Technology of Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 510

References 533

18 Membrane Distillation 535

18.1 Principle of Membrane Distillation 535

18.2 Fundamental Analysis of Membrane Distillation 537

18.3 Membranes of Membrane Distillation 541

18.4 Technologies of Membrane Distillation 546

References 553

19 Gas Permeation 559

19.1 Beginning of Gas Permeation 559

19.2 Fundamentals of Gas Permeation 560

19.3 Membranes for Gas Permeation 567

19.4 Membranes from Inorganic Materials 575

19.5 Modules of Gas Separation Membrane 577

19.6 Technology of Gas Permeation Membrane 577

References 583

20 Carrier Transport 587

20.1 Fundamental Principle of Carrier Transport through Artificial Membranes 587

20.2 Carriers in Membrane Transport 591

20.3 Technology of Carrier Transport Membranes 596

References 629

21 Membrane Reactor 635

21.1 Concept of Membrane Reactors 635

21.2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors 635

21.3 Technology of Membrane Reactors 640

References 661

22 Membrane Contactors 667

22.1 Principle and Fundamentals of Membrane Contactors 667

22.2 Membranes for Membrane Contactors 669

22.3 Technology of Membrane Contactors 672

References 676

23 Fuel Cell Membranes 679

23.1 Principles of the Fuel Cell 679

23.2 Good Points of Fuel Cells 680

23.3 Membranes for Fuel Cells 681

23.4 Technology of Fuel Cells 682

References 691

24 Hybrid Systems of the Membrane Separation Process 695

24.1 Hybrid Systems of Membrane Technology and Reactive Production Step, Other Separation Technology 695

24.2 Hybrid Systems with Plural Membrane Technology 705

References 713

25 Optical Resolution by Membranes 717

25.1 Present Conditions and Problem of Optical Resolution with Membranes 717

25.2 Membranes for Optical Resolution 718

25.3 Technology of Optical Resolution Membranes 721

References 730

26 Material Separations by Other Membrane Processes 735

26.1 Carbon Nanotube Membranes 735

26.2 Graphene Membranes 736

26.3 Technologies of Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Membranes 738

References 760

27 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future 769

Reference 771

Index 773