Waste Energy for Life Cycle Assessment (eBook)

Professor Ayhan Demirbas’ area of work is mainly concerned with renewable and sustainable energy technologies. He has studied on the subjects of pyrolysis, liquefaction, gasification, and supercritical fluid extraction and gasification of biorenewable feedstocks. He has analysed the products from pyrolysis, liquefaction, gasification, and supercritical fluid extraction of biomass. Professor Demirbas has studied on the subjects of renewable transportation fuels such as biodiesel, biomethanol, bioethanol, biogas, biohydragen, gasoline and diesel fuel from fisher-trops synthesis of biofuels. He has also studied petroleum products, new products from crude oil, renewable energy resources, global renewable energy strategies and scenarios, sulfur removal from coal using alkali from biomass ashes, toxic emissions from firing and co-firing processes, global climate change, hazardous materials, persistent, organic pollutants, spectrophotometric determination of carbaryl pesticides in soil and drinking water and, creal analyses etc.

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Energy and Force Concepts 11
1.1.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields and Forces in Nanotechnology 12
1.1.2 Geometric Energy Concept 17
1.1.3 Nano-Energy 19
1.2 Energy Sources 21
1.2.1 Fossil Energy Sources 22
1.2.2 Renewable Energy Sources 32
1.2.3 Nuclear Energy Sources 35
1.3 World’s Present Energy Situation 38
References 40
2 Future Energy Sources 42
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Renewable Energy Scenarios 43
2.3 Research and Development of Biomass Energy 47
2.3.1 Introduction 47
2.3.2 Transportation Biofuels from Biomass 49
2.4 Water Energy and Power 56
2.5 Hydrogen Energy 57
2.6 Biogas Energy 60
2.7 Algae Energy 65
2.7.1 Biodiesel Production from Algal Oil 67
2.7.2 Glycerol from Vegetable Oil for a Promising Carbon Source 72
2.8 The Next Generation of Hybrid Transportation Vehicles 74
References 76
3 Unconventional Energy Sources 80
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Waste Energy 82
3.2.1 Waste Heat Recovery by Cogeneration (COGEN or CHP) 85
3.2.2 Waste Heat Recovery by Trigeneration or Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP) 86
3.3 Energy Use 88
3.3.1 Energy Use in Buildings, Transportation and Industry 90
3.3.2 Energy Use in Energy and Power Systems 92
3.4 Shaking Energy 96
3.5 Squeezing Energy 100
3.5.1 Introduction 100
3.5.2 Energy Storage Systems 102
3.6 Water Energy 103
3.7 Inactive Energy Sources 112
3.7.1 Introduction 112
3.7.2 Geothermal Energy 114
3.7.3 Natural Gas Hydrates 116
3.8 Promising Energy Systems 118
3.8.1 Introduction 118
3.8.2 Hydrogen as a Future Promising Fuel 118
3.8.3 Future Transportation Vehicles 122
3.8.4 Energy from Boron 124
3.8.5 Energy from Non-nuclear Metallic Fuels 126
References 127
4 Energy from Waste Materials and Unconventional Sources 132
4.1 Introduction 132
4.2 Wind Power Generation Using Shaking Energy 134
4.3 Compressed Air Energy 137
4.3.1 Introduction 137
4.3.2 Compressed Air Powered Vehicles 137
4.4 Water Forces and Water Energy 139
4.5 Gas Hydrates as a Potential Future Energy Resource 142
4.6 Biofuels from High Quality Microalgae 147
4.7 Thermochemical Conversion Processes of Biomass to Hydrogen-Rich Gas Mixtures 155
4.8 Biofuels from Sewage Sludge 163
4.8.1 Biodiesel from Sewage Sludge 163
4.8.2 Biogas from Sewage Sludge 166
4.9 Biodiesel and Bioethanol from Unconventional Resources 171
4.9.1 Biodiesel from Unconventional Resources 171
4.9.2 Bioethanol from Unconventional Resources 180
4.10 Gasoline-like Products from Plastic and Tire Wastes 192
4.10.1 Gasoline-like Products from Plastic Wastes 192
4.10.2 Gasoline-like Products from Tire Wastes 197
4.11 Conversion of Oil Shale to Liquid Fuels 202
4.12 Conversion of Used Oils to Gasoline-like Products 205
4.13 Conversion of Heavy Oil to Light Products 213
4.14 Upgrading of Crude Oil and Heavy Oil 220
4.14.1 Introduction 220
4.14.2 Deposition and Flocculation of Asphaltenes from Petroleum 225
4.14.3 Removing of Resins from Petroleum 230
4.14.4 Dewaxing Processes of Petroleum 232
4.14.5 Sulfur Removal from Petroleum 236
4.15 Gasoline and Diesel Range Hydrocarbons from Waste Vegetable Oils 239
References 247
5 Optimization of Energy Systems 265
5.1 Optimization of Energy Conversion Processes 265
5.2 Waste Heat Utilization Facilities 267
5.3 Importance of Unconventional Energy Sources 271
5.4 Energy Economy 272
5.5 Energy Policy and Barriers 280
References 283