Bionanomaterials for Skin Regeneration (eBook)

Mihaela D. Leonida is a Professor of Chemistry at Fairleigh Dickinson University, Metropolitan Campus, in Teaneck, NJ (mleonida@fdu.edu). She received a M.S.and a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Polytechnic University in Bucharest, Romania, and a second Ph.D. in Chemistry from Wesleyan University in Middletown, CT. While teaching, she has mentored research with over sixty students. Her scientific interests are broad, from “wiring” enzymes to bionanomaterials with antimicrobial and anti-proliferation activity, to detecting art forgeries, to materials and techniques used by artisans of times past. Ish Kumar is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at Fairleigh Dickinson University,  Metropolitan Campus, in Teaneck, NJ (ikumar@fdu.edu).  He earned his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Panjab University, in Chandigarh, India. During his years as faculty Dr. Kumar has supervised research of more than twenty students. His research interests involve designing new molecular inhibitors using the tools of computational chemistry, enzyme structures, enzyme kinetics and chemical synthesis.

Introduction 6
Acknowledgments 12
Contents 14
About the Authors 18
Chapter 1: Bionanomaterials for the Skin: More than Just Size 20
References 23
Chapter 2: Skin, Genetic Defects, and Aging 25
2.1 The Skin 25
2.2 Genetic Defects in the Skin Barrier 28
2.3 Skin Aging 30
References 31
Chapter 3: Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration 34
3.1 Wound Care 35
3.2 Autograft Procedures 36
3.3 Wound Dressings 37
3.4 Delivery of Growth Factors to Wounds 38
3.5 Stem Cells for Skin Regeneration 39
References 40
Chapter 4: Transdermal and Topical Delivery to the Skin 43
4.1 Chemical Enhancers 46
4.2 Prodrug Approach 46
4.3 Formulation Approaches 47
4.4 Biochemical Enhancers 48
4.5 Enhancement Using Physical Methods 48
References 49
Chapter 5: Nanoparticles, Nanomaterials and Nanocarriers 52
5.1 Nanoemulsions 55
5.2 Liposomes and Related Nanostructures 55
5.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 57
5.4 Dendrimers 58
5.5 Still to Address 58
References 60
Chapter 6: Bioavailability in Delivery to the Skin 62
References 66
Chapter 7: Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products for the Skin 68
References 74
Chapter 8: Bionanomaterials with Antioxidant Effect for Skin Regeneration 76
References 81
Chapter 9: Nanochitosan and the Skin 83
9.1 Chitosan. Properties and Applications 83
9.2 Nanochitosan. Preparative Methods and Characterization 85
9.3 Loading Active Agents into Nanochitosan 87
References 90
Chapter 10: Nanocellulose 93
10.1 Types of Nanocelluloses. Preparation and Properties 93
10.2 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 96
10.3 Nanocellulose in Cosmetic Products for the Skin 99
References 100
Chapter 11: Bionanomaterials from Plant Sources 104
11.1 Phenolic Compounds from Plant Sources Delivered as Nanoparticles 104
11.2 Essential Oils Delivered in Nanostructures 107
11.3 Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides from Honey and Seaweed in Nanomedicines and Cosmetic Products for the Skin 108
11.4 Nanoparticles Containing Hops, Aloe, Coconut Oil and Other Ingredients from Plants 110
References 112
Chapter 12: Nanomaterials, Scaffolds, and Skin Tissue Regeneration 115
12.1 Biomaterials for Scaffolds and Skin Tissue 115
12.2 The Scaffolds 119
12.3 Skin Substitutes 121
References 126
Chapter 13: Peptide and Protein-Based Nanomaterials in Applications for the Skin 129
13.1 Growth Factors Delivered in Nanoparticles 130
13.2 Collagen, Elastin, Protease Inhibitors, Thrombin, DNA, and Stem Cells Delivered in Nanosized Carriers 132
13.3 Bacteriocins Delivered in Nanostructures 133
13.4 Silk Proteins in Nanostructures 134
13.5 Zein-Based Nanostructures 135
13.6 Melanin in Nanosize for the Skin 137
13.7 siRNA Delivered to the Skin 138
References 139
Chapter 14: Nanotoxicity and the Skin 143
References 146
Chapter 15: Ethical and Social Issues Linked to Using Nanomaterials in Skin Regeneration 147
References 151
Index 153