Campylobacter spp. and Related Organisms in Poultry (eBook)

Dr. Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca is professor of avian disease and poultry production from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine from Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Before her academic work he has worked in the field as a Veterinary Medical with chickens and broiler breeders. She has started research about Campylobacter in poultry since 2005 when studied in Chile with Dr. Heriberto Fernandéz. Thenceforward, her research about Campylobacter with Dr. Daise Rossi in poultry. The main focus of the author is epidemiology and the relationship of commensal or disease between and campylobacter in poultry. She is member of the Latin American Network of Researchers in Campylobacteraceae (Relacampy).Dr. Heriberto Fernández is Full Professor of Clinical Microbiology and past-director of the Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile. During the first years of his career he was involved in microbiological diagnosis of zoonotic bacterial agents. Since 1980 their research lines turned towards Campylobacter  and related microorganisms and their epidemiological relationships among humans, animals, the environment and food production. Throughout the last 35 years he conducted many research projects in the field. As Professor he spent much of his time to teach about Campylobacter, not only to undergraduate and graduate students and professionals of his country, but also to others in many countries of Latin America, being also invited as speaker at many conferences and scientific meetings in almost all South American countries and some of Central America. He was trainer in different courses in Argentina and Mexico of the WHO SalmSurvNet (now renamed GFN). Dr Fernández was invited to be member of the WHO Experts Committee on Campylobacter, the Chilean Agency for Food Safety and the WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AGISAR), belonging to the latter until June 2014. In 2014 obtained a grant from the Ecuadorian Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation to develop a Prometeo Project at the Technical University of Loja to build academic capacities on Campylobacter and develop research projects in this field. At this time he created the Latin American Network of Researchers in Campylobacteraceae. Dr. Daise Aparecida Rossi is professor of microbiology, zoonotic disease and  hygiene and vigilance in food at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the  Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. She has experience in veterinary microbiology, mainly with food microbiology and epidemiology, with expertise in foodborne zoonoses and food safety. She has several important works about Campylobacter and Salmonella in general food as, chicken, milk, cheese and other meats. Her research team also developed projects in Brazil about the prevalence of Campylobacter in animal products, their virulence, resistance to antimicrobials and capacity of biofilm formation. She is member of the Latin American Network of Researchers in Campylobacteraceae (Relacampy). and SSAN-UNASUL (Program of the development of strategies of Socio-educational or Social Technology character on Sovereignty, Food and Nutritional Security). 

Chapter 1About the Campylobacter sppBelchiolina Beatriz Fonseca, Heriberto Fernandez, Daise Aparecida Rossi, Patrícia Giovana Hoepers, Roberta Torres de MeloMembers of the Campylobacter genus are gram-negative, microaerophilic, small bacillus with a polar flagellum. Their movement has a typical corkscrew characteristic. There are many species associated with different diseases. This chapter describes the taxonomy, genetic structure and general characteristics of the Campylobacter genus focusing on thermophilic species and/or those that colonize the intestinal tract of birds.Chapter 2Isolation and identification of Campylobacter spp. in poultryOmar A. Oyarzabal and Heriberto FernándezPoultry products, especially chicken meat, continue to be important sources of campylobacteriosis in humans. This chapter reviews the current methods used for the isolation and identification of Campylobacter spp. from chicken products. Emphasis is placed on the enrichment protocols, the plate media that are most costly efficient for isolation purposes and the current approaches to identification of isolates to the genus or species level. The current methodology used in some South American countries to detect Campylobacter spp. from poultry products is also summarized.  Chapter 3Colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca, Álvaro Ferreira Junior, Gustavo Medina, Marcelo Emilio Beletti, Eliane Pereira MendonçaCampylobacter jejuni colonizes the poultry intestinal tract in high quantity and can establish a commensal behavior in the host. However, it has been suggested a pathogenic behavior of C. jejuni in chickens. Pathogen-associated virulence factors and host immune response can influence the chicken intestinal colonization and the pathological and clinical manifestations. This article describes the main structures involved during the colonization of C. jejuni in poultry and the possible consequences of the pathogen and host interactions for poultry.Chapter 4Immune response after Campylobacter infection in poultryÁlvaro Ferreira Junior, Edson Campos Valadares Junior, Belchiolina Beatriz FonsecaThis chapter describes about the host immune responses against Campylobacter spp. We compare chicken and mammal host innate and acquired immune response against the bacterium. In addition, we describe the role of maternal antibody protection in offspring’s early life. We present the intriguing phenomena of pathogen and host relationship and the apparent post-infection host immune tolerance. In this context, some questions should be highlighted: are the control procedures for Campylobacter jejuni-infection in chickens relevant to reduce C. jejuni-infection in human hosts?  Are the currently used C. jejuni-vaccines protective against the chicken infection?  Is an alternative procedure the administration of passive oral immunization using powdered antibodies to control chicken and human C. jejuni infection? We also discusses about the possible potential of antigenic targets to the vaccine production.Chapter 5Campylobacter-host cell interactionsClaudio Silva, Marlus Alves Santos, Flávia Alves MartinsThis chapter begins with a historical background of evolutionary origin of the cells since the emergence addressing the endosymbiosis theory by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells, describes the relationship between existing cell types that may have evolved with predation to mutualism or parasitism. Also, discuss some interactions between parasitic unicellular organisms and its cell host, taking into account the dynamic actin cytoskeleton and the immune response resulting from the invasion. Finally analyses the case of C. jejuni, its types of invasion routes, intracellular traffic, virulence factors and colonization of poultry cells.Chapter 6Epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in farmsEliane Pereira Mendonça, Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca, Guilherme Paz MonteiroChickens are recognized as natural hosts of Campylobacter and infected poultry carry a high pathogen load in their gastrointestinal tract. There are large gaps in our understanding about factors leading to colonization of Campylobacter and subsequent transmission among birds, once that the source of Campylobacter in chickens and specific mechanisms for their entry into the flock is not fully clear yet. This chapter summarizes the epidemiology of Campylobacter in poultry flocks and brings current issues on the subject.Chapter 7Control of Campylobacter spp. in commercial poultry productionOmar A. Oyarzabal and Steffen BackertThis chapter summarizes the intervention strategies that have been applied in the poultry industry to reduce the contamination of poultry products with Campylobacter spp. For brevity and to provide a practical review, this report will focus mainly on the interventions that have found a commercial niche and are used by the poultry industry. In addition, this report summarizes the potential of vaccination as the next generation intervention for the control of Campylobacter spp. in live commercial poultry.  Chapter 8Survival strategies and adaption of Campylobacter spp. in poultry industryRoberta Torres de Melo, Daise Aparecida Rossi, Guilherme Paz MonteiroUnderstanding the epidemiology of Campylobacter and the main challenges in its control, this chapter brings a review of the mechanisms used by these microorganisms to adapt and survive in the poultry industry. Despite the apparent campylobacters fragility to the environmental conditions, this section summarizes how this agent is flexible and can adapt their metabolism and growth level in industry environment, addressing mechanisms such as, their genome modulation, tolerance to high and low temperatures and the capacity of biofilm formation. These skills are discussed considering the potential of different behaviors that can explain their ability to survive and multiply in poultry industry and affect the prevalence of Campylobacter in the final product.Chapter 9Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp.Heriberto FernandezAntimicrobial resistance of infectious agents is a growing public health problem. This chapter describes the main antimicrobial resistance problems in developed and developing countries and the possible relationship between the resistance of Campylobacter strains found in poultry and humans. Determining the level of the problem is essential for control, formulating and monitoring an effective response to antimicrobial resistance.Chapter 10Non-jejuni coli Campylobacter spp. and related organisms in poultry, and their relevance in human and animal diseaseAlbert J. LastovicaThe vast majority of studies of Campylobacter spp. which have been done on poultry and especially chicken have focused only on Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Campylobacter spp. other than C. jejuni and C. coli such as C. lari, C. upsaliensis and C. avium, as well as species of the related genera of Arcobacter and Helicobacter for example, Arcobacter butzleri, and Helicobacter pullorum are increasingly being found in poultry. The presence and disease potential of these organisms in human and animal disease is gradually being recognized. The role of the non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter species in poultry is still to be completely elucidated.  They may have been undetected or under detected due to less than optimal cultural conditions for these generally fastidious bacteria. This chapter provides a comprehensive survey of what is known of the non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter and the related Arcobacter and Helicobacter spp. in poultry.