Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 9
About the Editors 11
1 Recent Advances in Nanoclay/Natural Fibers Hybrid Composites 13
Abstract 13
1 Introduction 14
1.1 Hybrid Composites 14
1.2 Natural Fibers 14
1.3 Composites 15
1.4 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16
1.5 Nanocomposites 16
1.6 Nano Particles 18
2 Clay Minerals 20
2.1 Nanoclays 20
2.2 Platy Nanoclays 22
2.3 MMT Nanoclays 22
2.4 Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) 23
3 Nanoclay Polymer Composites 25
4 Nanoclay Hybrid Polymer Composites 26
5 Applications of Nanoclays and Polymer Nanoclay Composites 26
6 Conclusion 34
Acknowledgments 34
References 34
2 Nanoclay and Natural Fibers Based Hybrid Composites: Mechanical, Morphological, Thermal and Rheological Properties 41
Abstract 41
1 Introduction 42
2 Disadvantages of Natural Fillers as Reinforcement for Polymer Matrix 44
3 Physicochemical Characteristics of the Used Filler 45
4 Processing Techniques 49
5 Properties of Hybrid Composite 52
5.1 Morphological Properties 52
5.2 Thermal Properties 53
5.3 Mechanical Properties 55
6 Conclusion 58
References 59
3 Hybrid Composite Foams Based on Nanoclays and Natural Fibres 62
Abstract 62
1 Natural Fibers 62
2 Nanoclays 63
2.1 Structure 63
2.2 Polymer Clay Nanocomposite 64
2.3 Properties 66
2.3.1 Mechanical Properties 66
2.3.2 Barrier Properties 67
2.3.3 Thermal Stability 69
3 Hybrid Composites 70
3.1 Clay Based Hybrid Composites 70
3.2 Clay-Natural Fiber Based Hybrid Composites 72
4 Foams 75
4.1 Nanocomposite Foams 76
4.2 Clay Based Nanocomposite Foams 77
4.3 Clay-Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite Foams 81
5 Conclusion and Prospective Works 88
References 88
4 Nanoclay Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: Mechanical and Thermal Properties 91
Abstract 91
1 Introduction 91
2 Plant Fibre Composites (PFCs): Perspectives and Issues 93
3 General Considerations on Nanoclay 95
4 Objectives of the Introduction of Nanoclay in PFCs 97
5 Strategies Toward Improving the Mechanical Performance of Nanoclay-Filled PFCs 98
5.1 Nanoclay-Filled PFCs with Oil-Based Matrices 99
5.2 Nanoclay-Filled PFCs with Biomatrices 101
6 Thermal Properties of Nanoclay-Filled PFCs 104
7 Conclusions and Future Perspective 107
References 108
5 Effects of Micro- and Nano-cellulose on Tensile and Morphological Properties of Montmorillonite Nanoclay Reinforced Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites 112
Abstract 112
1 Introduction 113
2 Materials and Methods 115
2.1 Materials 115
2.2 Production of CNW Using Chemical Swelling 115
2.3 Production of PLA Film 115
2.4 Production of PLA/MMT Nanocomposites Film 116
2.5 Production of PLA/MMT/MCC Hybrid Composites Film 116
2.6 Production of PLA/MMT/CNW Hybrid Nanocomposites Film 117
3 Characterization 117
3.1 Tensile Properties 117
3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 117
3.3 Morphological Properties 118
3.4 X-Ray Diffraction 118
4 Results and Discussion 119
4.1 Tensile Properties 119
4.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy Analysis 122
4.3 Optical Microscopy 125
4.4 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy 125
4.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy 127
4.6 X-ray Diffraction Analysis 129
5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 131
Acknowledgments 132
References 132
6 Effect of Nanoclay on the Dielectric, Transport, Thermal and Fire Properties of Coconut Sheath/MMT Clay Polyester Hybrid Composites 135
Abstract 135
1 Introduction 136
2 Materials and Methods 138
2.1 Fabrication of Hybrid Polyester Nanocomposites 138
2.2 Impedance Measurement 139
2.3 Thermal Conductivity 140
2.4 Gas Permeability 140
2.5 Volume and Surface Resistivity 140
2.6 Breakdown Voltage 142
2.7 Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis 143
2.8 Cone Calorimetric Analysis 143
3 Results and Discussions 144
3.1 Characterization Studies 144
3.2 Conductivity Spectra Analysis at Room Temperature 144
3.3 Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Properties of CS/MMT Hybrid Composites 145
3.4 Thermal Conductivity Behavior of CS/MMT Hybrid Composite 149
3.5 Gas Permeability Properties of CS/MMT Clay Hybrid Composites 150
3.6 Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 151
3.7 Fire Properties 153
3.8 CO and CO2 Yield 154
4 Conclusions 155
References 156
7 A Review on Thermal Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber/Nanoclay Polymer Composites 159
Abstract 159
1 Introduction 160
2 Studies on the Thermal Stability of Hybrid Nanocomposite 161
3 Studies on the Flammability of Hybrid Nanocomposite 169
4 Studies on the Melting and Crystallization Behaviour of Hybrid Nanocomposite 173
5 Glass Transition Temperature, Tg 178
6 Conclusions 178
Acknowledgments 179
References 179
8 Effect of Nanoclay on Natural Fiber/Polymer Composites 183
Abstract 183
1 Introduction 183
2 Rheological Properties 186
2.1 Effect on Viscosity 186
2.2 Modified Nanoclays 189
2.3 Storage Modulus and Loss Modulus 193
3 Mechanical and Thermal Properties 194
3.1 Mechanical Properties 194
3.1.1 Tensile Properties 195
3.1.2 Flexural Properties 195
3.1.3 Impact Properties 196
3.2 Thermal Properties 196
3.2.1 Thermal Stability 197
3.2.2 Thermal Properties 197
4 Morphological and Structural Properties 199
4.1 Nanoclay-Modified Polymer Matrix 199
4.2 Natural Fiber 201
5 Modeling of Mechanical and Rheological Properties 203
5.1 Computation Model for Theoretical Modulus 203
5.2 Dynamic Mechanical Model 205
5.3 Rheological Properties of Composites 205
5.4 Crystallization Kinetics Model 207
5.5 Thermal Degradation Kinetics Model 207
6 Conclusions and Future Prospective 209
References 210
9 Processing Techniques of Nanoclay Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites 216
Abstract 216
1 Introduction 216
2 Conventional Composite Fabrication Techniques for Nanocomposites 217
2.1 Two Roll Mill Technique 218
2.2 VARTM (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding) Process 218
2.3 Twin Screw Extruder 218
2.4 Compression Molding 219
2.5 Injection Molding Process 220
2.6 Filament Winding 221
3 Nano Composite Fabrication Techniques 222
3.1 Sonication 222
3.2 Intercalation Technique 222
3.3 Flocculated Nanocomposites 223
3.4 Exfoliated Nanocomposites 223
3.5 Melt Intercalation 223
4 Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Past Research 223
5 Morphological Studies of the Nanoclay Composites 240
6 Application of Nanoclay Composites 242
7 Conclusion/Summary 242
10 Mechanical Performance of Nanoclay-Cellulose Fibre Particulate Composites Fabricated by Modified Two Stage Wet/Hand Layup Method 245
Abstract 245
1 Introduction 246
2 Materials, Manufacturing and Testing 248
2.1 Matrix—Vinyl Ester Resin 248
2.2 Reinforcements—Cellulose Fibre, Nanoclay 249
2.3 Manufacturing 249
2.4 Testing 250
3 Results and Discussion 251
3.1 Cellulose Fibre, Nanoclay—Size, Morphology 251
3.2 Mechanical Properties 252
3.3 Morphology Study 259
4 Conclusions 265
References 266
11 Effect of Plasticizer on Fracture Toughness of Polylactic Acid Reinforced with Kenaf Fibre and Montmorillonite Hybrid Biocomposites 268
Abstract 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Experimental 270
2.1 Materials 270
2.2 Hybrid Biocomposite Preparation 270
2.3 Hybrid Biocomposite Characterization 270
2.4 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) 272
2.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 272
3 Results and Discussion 273
3.1 Characterization of Fracture Toughness 273
3.2 FESEM Observation 276
3.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 278
4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 282
Acknowledgments 282
References 282
12 Mechanical, Dynamic Mechanical and Vibration Behavior of Nanoclay Dispersed Natural Fiber Hybrid Intra-ply Woven Fabric Composite 286
Abstract 286
1 Introduction 287
2 Experimental Details 288
2.1 Woven Natural Fiber Mat and Polymer Preparation 288
2.2 Fabrication of Composites 289
2.3 Testing Standards 290
2.4 Material Characterization 290
3 Results and Discussion 290
3.1 Mechanical Properties 290
3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 293
3.2.1 Storage Modulus 293
3.2.2 Loss Modulus 294
3.2.3 Material Loss Factor or Tan ? 295
3.2.4 Cole-Cole Plot 296
3.3 Free Vibration Analysis 296
4 Conclusion and Future Work 299
Acknowledgments 299
References 300