China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2016 Proceedings: Volume III (eBook)

Preface 6
The 7th China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC 2016) Committees 8
Scientific Committee 8
Organizing Committee 9
Editorial Board 10
Contents 13
Part ISatellite Orbit and Clock OffsetDetermination 19
1 Research on the Inversion Method of USO Frequency Stability Joining GNSS and Inter-satellite Distance Measurement 20
Abstract 20
1 Introduction 21
2 Principle of Measurement 21
2.1 Dual One-Way Ranging 21
2.2 Time-Tag Correction DOWR 23
2.3 Relative Frequency Error 25
2.4 Relative Allan Variance 25
3 Test and Verification 27
3.1 Testing System 27
3.2 Testing Results 27
4 Conclusion 29
References 30
2 Research of Satellite and Ground Time Synchronization Based on a New Navigation System 31
Abstract 31
1 Introduction 31
2 The New Time Synchronization Plan 32
3 Time Synchronization Measurement Model 32
4 Satellite Clock Modeling and Time Synchronization Algorithm 33
5 Simulation and Results Analysis 34
5.1 Atomic Clock and Clock Data Simulation 34
5.2 Simulation of Ultra-Stable Oscillator Data 34
5.3 Simulation Conditions 35
5.4 Simulation Results Analysis 36
5.5 In Conclusion 40
References 41
3 Performance Evaluation of the Beidou Satellite Clock and Prediction Analysis of Satellite Clock Bias 42
Abstract 42
1 Introduction 43
2 Models 44
2.1 Performance Evaluation 44
2.2 Prediction Model for Regular Terms 45
2.3 Prediction Model for Irregular Terms 45
3 Calculation Example 46
3.1 Prediction Error Estimates 46
3.2 Result Analysis 47
4 Conclusion 49
Acknowledgments 49
References 49
4 Relative Navigation for LEO Spacecraft Using Beidou-2 Regional Navigation System 51
Abstract 51
1 Introduction 52
2 Beidou Satellite System and Observation 52
2.1 Beidou Satellite 52
2.2 Beidou Tri-frequency Observation 53
3 LEO Spacecraft Relative Navigation 55
3.1 Recursive Least-Squares Kinematic Approach 55
3.2 Reduced Dynamic Approach 56
4 Simulation and Results 57
4.1 Simulation Scenario Settings 57
4.2 Ambiguity Resolution Performance 58
4.3 Relative Positioning Precision 60
5 Summary 61
Acknowledgments 61
References 62
5 Analysis on Energy System Safety in GEO Satellite Complex Eclipse 63
Abstract 63
1 Introduction 64
2 Fundamental 64
2.1 Principle and Calculation Model of Eclipse 64
2.2 Introduction of GEO Satellite Energy System 66
2.3 The Impact of Eclipse to the Energy System 66
3 Analysis of GEO Satellite Energy in Complex Eclipse 69
3.1 Eclipse Forecasts 69
3.2 Energy Analysis in Eclipse 69
3.2.1 Sep. 13th 05:21:11 70
3.2.2 Sep. 13th 14:03:23 71
3.2.3 Oct. 13th 17:31:17 72
3.3 Disposal Strategy for the Eclipse 73
4 Verification of the Analysis in Complex Eclipse 73
4.1 Sep. 13th 05:21:11 73
4.2 Sep. 13th 14:03:23 74
4.3 Oct. 13th 17:31:17 74
5 Conclusion 75
Acknowledgments 75
References 76
6 Autonomous Orbit Determination Method Based on Inter-satellite Doppler Measurement 77
Abstract 77
1 Introduction 77
2 Characteristics of Inter-satellite Doppler Shift 78
2.1 Doppler Shift Calculation 78
2.2 Doppler Shift Analysis 79
3 Autonomous Orbit Determination Algorithm Analysis 81
3.1 State Equation 82
3.2 Measurement Equation 82
4 Autonomous Orbit Determination and Analysis 83
4.1 Orbit Determination 83
4.2 Simulation Results Analysis 84
5 Conclusions 86
References 87
7 Analysis of Ground Anchor Stations’ Influence on Autonomous Orbit Determination with Distributed Algorithm 88
Abstract 88
1 Introduction 88
2 Theory of Distributed Orbit Determination Algorithm 90
3 Analysis of Distributed Algorithm 91
3.1 Analysis of Error in Orbit Prediction 92
3.2 Analysis of Error in Distributed Algorithm 94
4 Analysis of Anchor Station’s Influence 95
4.1 Analysis of the Function and Work Way of Anchor Stations 95
4.2 Simulation of the Distributed Algorithm with Anchor Stations 95
5 Conclusions 97
References 97
8 Paralleled Geopotential Computing Methods Based on GPU 99
Abstract 99
1 Introduction 99
2 The Global Point Mascon Model of the Earth 101
3 GPU Parallel Computing 103
3.1 Introduction of CUDA Programming 103
3.2 Strategies to Parallel with GPU 104
4 The Results and Analysis 105
4.1 Testing Process 105
4.2 Testing Results 107
4.2.1 Calculation Speed 107
4.2.2 Calculation Accuracy 107
4.3 Results Analysis 109
5 Conclusions 109
References 110
9 Fast Computation Method of Real-Time Precise Satellite Clock Errors for Combined BDS/GPS 111
Abstract 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Model for BDS/GPS Satellite Clock Errors Estimation 113
2.1 Function Model 113
2.2 Parameter Estimation Method 116
3 Experiments and Results Analysis 116
3.1 Data and Processing Strategy 116
3.2 GPS/BDS Clock Errors Validation 117
3.3 Real-Time PPP 119
4 Conclusion 121
Acknowledgments 122
References 122
10 Ultra-Short-Term Stability Analysis of GNSS Clocks 123
Abstract 123
1 Introduction 124
2 Satellite Clock Error Isolation 124
2.1 Observation Models 124
2.2 Single Difference Clock Bias Calculation 125
3 Analyzing Theory of Atomic Clock’s Stability in Time Domain 125
3.1 Stability Analyzing Method 125
3.2 Data Preprocessing 126
4 Results 127
4.1 Satellites Information of GPS and Beidou 127
4.2 Analysis 127
5 Conclusion 130
Acknowledgements 131
References 131
11 Comprehensive Satellite Clock Performance Evaluation Results Analysis with Multi-data 132
Abstract 132
1 Introduction 132
2 Multi-data Source Characteristics 133
2.1 Satellite-Ground Two-Way Clock Correction Data 133
2.2 Satellite Phase Difference Data 133
2.3 Multi-satellite Orbit Determination Clock Correction Data 133
3 Comprehensive Evaluation and Verification with Multi-data 134
3.1 Verification with Satellite-Ground Two-Way Clock Correction Data and Satellite Phase Difference Data 134
3.1.1 Consistence Analysis of the Two Types of Original Data 134
3.1.2 Consistence Analysis of the Evaluation Result Using the Two Types of Data 135
3.2 Verification with Satellite-Ground Two-Way Clock Correction Data and Multi-satellite Orbit Determination Clock Correction Data 137
3.2.1 Consistence Analysis of the Two Types of Original Data 137
3.2.2 Consistence Analysis of the Evaluation Result Using the Two Types of Data 138
4 Conclusions 140
References 140
12 Application Characteristics Analysis of the T20 Solar Radiation Pressure Model in Orbit Determination for COMPASS GEO Satellites 141
Abstract 141
1 Introduction 142
2 The T20 SRP Model 143
3 The POD Strategy for GEO Satellites 144
4 Application Characteristic Analysis of the T20 SRP Model 145
4.1 Analysis of Time Sequence of the Cr Parameter 145
4.2 Analysis of the POD Accuracy 149
5 Conclusion 150
References 151
13 Validation of GPS36 Satellite CODE Precise Orbit with SLR Measurements 152
Abstract 152
1 Introduction 153
2 The Principle and Model of SLR Validation 153
2.1 Model Correction of SLR Station 153
2.2 SLR Data Correction 154
3 Calculation and Analysis 154
3.1 Comparison of the Validation for SLR Observation Data 154
3.2 Analysis of SLR Normal Point Data for Ten Years 156
4 Conclusions 161
Acknowledgements 161
References 161
14 Orbit Combination of BeiDou Satellites with Pseudo-stochastic Pulse 162
Abstract 162
1 Introduction 162
2 Principle of Normal Equation Stacking 163
2.1 Parameter Transformation 164
2.2 Normal Equation Stacking 164
3 Orbit Combination with Pseudo-Stochastic Pulse 165
3.1 Combination of Osculating Elements and Dynamic Parameters 165
3.2 Combination of Pseudo-Stochastic Pulse 166
4 Numerical Example and Analysis 169
4.1 Function of Pseudo-Stochastic Pulses 169
4.2 Effect of Multi-days Orbit Combination 171
5 Conclusion 174
References 174
15 Mitigation of Orbit Integration Errors for Eclipsing Satellites 176
Abstract 176
1 Introduction 177
2 Character of Integrators 177
3 Integration Error of Eclipsing Satellites and Method for Improvement 178
4 Conclusion 182
Acknowledgements 182
References 182
16 Precision Evaluation and Consistency Analysis of iGMAS Orbit and Clock Products 184
Abstract 184
1 Introduction 184
2 Precision Evaluation of iGMAS Orbit and Clock Products 185
2.1 Orbit Products 185
2.2 Clock Products 185
3 Basic Principle of PPP 186
4 Calculations and Analysis 187
4.1 Precision Evaluation of GPS Orbit and Clock 188
4.2 Consistency Analysis of Orbit and Clock Products 191
5 Conclusions 193
Acknowledgment 193
References 193
17 Characteristic Analysis and Short-Term Prediction of GPS/BDS Satellite Clock Correction 195
Abstract 195
1 Introduction 196
2 Periodic Characteristic Analysis of Satellite Clock Error 197
2.1 Clock Error Periodic Characteristic of GPS 197
2.2 Clock Error Periodic Characteristic of BDS 199
3 Prediction of Satellite Clock Error 201
3.1 Prediction Principle 202
3.1.1 Polynomial Model with Periodic Items 202
3.1.2 Modified ARIMA Model 202
3.2 Selecting the Length of the Samples 203
4 Example Analysis 204
4.1 Clock Error Prediction of GPS 204
4.2 Clock Error Prediction of BDS 206
5 Conclusion 207
Acknowledgments 207
References 207
18 A Simple Differencing Technology to Improve Prediction Accuracy of Earth Rotation Parameters 209
Abstract 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Methodology 210
2.1 De-Trending ERP Time-Series 210
2.2 LS + ARMA Model 211
2.2.1 LS Model 211
2.2.2 ARMA Model 211
3 Experiment Results 212
3.1 Analysis of Residual Stationarity 213
3.2 Analysis of Prediction Accuracy 216
4 Conclusion 218
References 218
19 The Accuracy Analysis of Autonomous Orbit Determination Based on Onboard Observation Data of Inter-Satellite Link 220
Abstract 220
1 Introduction 221
2 Introduction of Autonomous Navigation Algorithm 222
3 Introduction of Test Scenario 224
4 Analysis of Onboard Test Result 225
5 Analysis of Afterward Result 227
6 Conclusions 229
References 229
20 Precise Orbit Determination of Navigation Satellite Using Joint Data from Regional Tracking Station and LEO 230
Abstract 230
1 Introduction 231
2 Mathematical Model 232
3 Orbit Determination Method 233
4 Experiments and Analysis 234
4.1 Experiment Data 234
4.2 Analysis of Geometric Structure for Orbit Determination 236
4.3 Analysis of Orbit Determination 237
5 Conclusion 240
References 240
21 Orbit Accuracy Analysis for BeiDou Regional Tracing Network 242
Abstract 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Orbit Comparison 243
2.1 MGEX Orbits 243
2.2 Comparison Results 244
3 SLR Validation 247
3.1 SLR Observation 247
3.2 Validation Results 247
4 Summary 250
References 251
22 High Precision Determining and Predicting of Earth Orientation Parameters for Supporting Spacecraft Navigation 252
Abstract 252
1 Introduction 253
2 The Theory of EOP Determining and Predicting 253
2.1 EOP Determining Method Based on VLBI 253
2.2 2EOP Predicting Method 254
2.2.1 Dual Differential Preprocessing of the Raw EOP 254
2.2.2 Least-Squares Method 255
2.2.3 AR Model 255
2.2.4 Inverse Dual Differential Processing 256
2.2.5 EOP Prediction Error Estimates 256
3 EOP Results Comparing 256
3.1 Comparison of EOP Determination Results 256
3.2 Comparison of EOP Prediction Results 258
4 EOP Products Application on Spacecraft Navigation Mission 260
5 Conclusion 262
Acknowledgements 262
References 262
Part IIBDS/GNSS Precise PositioningTechnology 264
23 A New Subregional Ionosphere Grid Correction Method Based on Kriging Interpolation and Result Analysis 265
Abstract 265
1 Introduction 265
2 Fundamentals for Kriging Interpolation 266
2.1 Definition 266
2.2 Methodology 267
3 The Subregional Ionosphere Grid Correction Algorithm Based on Kriging and Software Program Realization 268
4 Simulation Example 269
4.1 Data and Configuration Scheme 270
4.2 Single-Day Results 271
4.2.1 Server End Products 271
4.2.2 User End Results 271
4.2.3 Comparison and Analysis 272
4.3 Short Term Results 272
5 Conclusions 274
Acknowledgements 275
References 275
24 Research on Integer Ambiguity Resolution Method with BDS and GPS Single Epoch, Dual-Frequency Data 276
Abstract 276
1 Introduction 277
2 Double Frequency Combined Carrier Phase Measurement Equation 278
3 Integer Ambiguity Resolution Method with Single Epoch Data 279
3.1 Baseline Constrained Iteration Least Square Algorithm 279
3.2 Threshold Changing Step-by-Step Searching Algorithm 281
3.3 Validation of Integer Ambiguity 284
4 Experiments and Results 284
4.1 Experimental Conditions 284
4.2 Experimental Results and Analysis 285
5 Summary 288
References 288
25 The Quantitative Analysis of the Mean Nighttime VTEC Based on EMD 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Theory and Methodology 290
2.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition 290
2.2 Strategy of the Quantitative Analysis Based on EMD 291
3 Results and Analysis 292
4 Conclusions 298
References 298
26 Convergence Time Analysis of Multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning Based on iGMAS Products 300
Abstract 300
1 Introduction 301
2 PPP Model with Multi-constellation 301
3 Data Description 303
4 Analysis of Positioning Results 303
5 Comparative Analysis of Positioning Results 306
6 Conclusions 308
Acknowledgments 309
References 309
27 BDS Real-Time Cycle-Slip Detection and Repair Based on Ionospheric Correction 310
Abstract 310
1 Introduction 310
2 Principle of Triple-Frequency Carrier Phase Combination 311
3 Cycle-Slip Detection and Repair 312
3.1 The Estimation of Combined Cycle Slip 312
3.2 The Estimation of Ionospheric Delay 313
3.3 Cycle-Slip Repair 313
4 Experiment and Analysis 314
4.1 The Estimation of Ionospheric Delay 314
4.1.1 Combination Cycle-Slip Detection Residuals 314
4.2 Simulate Cycle Slip 315
5 Conclusion 317
References 318
28 The Performance Analysis of Multi-system Integrated Precise Point Positioning (PPP) 319
Abstract 319
1 Introduction 319
2 Multi-system PPP Model 320
2.1 GNSS Observation Model 320
2.2 Adjustment Model of Single Differencing Between Satellites 321
3 Data Analysis 322
3.1 Experiment Design 322
3.2 Positioning Accuracy Analysis 323
3.2.1 Single GPS System Static Accuracy Analysis 323
3.2.2 Dual-System Static Accuracy Analysis 324
3.2.3 Three-System Static Accuracy Analysis 326
3.3 Convergence Analysis 327
4 Conclusion 328
Acknowledgment 328
References 328
29 A Single-Station Ionospheric Model and Satellite DCB Elaboration Method Based on Multi-frequency GPS/BDS Data 329
Abstract 329
1 Introduction 329
2 The Single-Station Ionospheric Delay Model 330
2.1 Observation Equation 330
2.2 The Data Selection and Processing Strategy 331
2.3 DCB Treatment Method 332
3 Example Analysis 332
3.1 Single-Station VTEC Model Calculating Precision Analysis 332
3.2 Satellites DCB Calculating Precision Analysis 333
3.2.1 GPS Satellites’ DCB Calculating Precision Analysis 333
3.2.2 BDS Satellites’ DCB Calculating Precision Analysis 334
4 Conclusion 336
Acknowledgments 336
References 337
30 An Algorithm of Single-Epoch Integer Ambiguity Resolution for Reference Stations of BDS Triple-Frequency Network RTK 338
Abstract 338
1 Introduction 338
2 Linear Relationship Between Carrier-Phase Ambiguities 339
3 Ambiguities Resolving of Extra-Wide Lane and Wide Lane 340
4 The Determination and Detection of Ambiguities of Triple Frequencies 341
5 Data Test and Analysis 342
6 Conclusions 345
Acknowledgment 345
References 346
31 Study on Multipath Effect of GEO Satellite in BeiDou Navigation Satellite System 347
Abstract 347
1 Introduction 347
2 Multipath Fading Mathematical Model 348
3 Analysis of the Multipath Parameters 350
4 Kepler Multipath Fading Factor 352
4.1 Derivation of KMPF 352
4.2 Analysis of KMPF Simulation Curve 353
4.2.1 Influence of the Orbit Inclination i and Eccentricity e on KMPF 353
4.2.2 Influence of the Argument of Perigee {/varvec /omega} on KMPF 355
4.2.3 The Relationship Between of the Variable V, Pseudorange {/varvec r}({/varvec t}) and KMPF 355
5 Simulation Results 356
6 Summary 358
Acknowledgments 358
References 358
32 A New Approach of Satellite Selection for Multi-constellation Integrated Navigation System 359
Abstract 359
1 Introduction 359
2 The Analysis of Satellite Elevation in Multi-GNSS 360
2.1 The Relationship Between Satellite Elevation and GDOP 361
2.2 The Relationship Between Satellite Elevation and GDOP 361
3 Satellite Selection Algorithm Design 362
3.1 Selecting Satellites Number Model 362
3.2 Positioning Precision Evaluation Function of Elevation 362
3.2.1 Simplify PW-ELth 364
3.2.2 SPW-Elth Algorithm Design 365
4 Experiments and Results 367
4.1 Experimental Settings 367
4.2 Validity and Computational Complexity Analyses 367
4.3 Comparative Analysis of Positioning Accuracy 369
5 Conclusions 370
Acknowledgments 370
References 371
33 A Novel SBAS-Assisted Single-Frequency Precise Point Positioning Method 372
Abstract 372
1 Introduction 373
2 User Positioning Model and Algorithm 374
2.1 Observation Equations and Error Processing 374
2.2 User Positioning Algorithm 376
3 Data Testing and Analysis 378
3.1 Static Test 378
3.2 Kinematic Test 380
4 Conclusion 384
Acknowledgments 384
References 384
34 The Methods and Analysis of Zero Baseline and Ultra-Short Baseline Ambiguity Resolution Based on BDS Observations 386
Abstract 386
1 Introduction 387
2 Ambiguity Resolution Approaches 387
3 Analysis 389
3.1 Zero Baseline 390
3.2 Ultra-Short Baseline 391
4 Conclusions 395
Acknowledgments 395
References 395
35 Research on the Feasibility of PPP Technology in Radar Altimeter Calibration 397
Abstract 397
1 Introduction 398
2 Principle of Radar Altimeter Calibration 398
3 Data Sources and Processing Strategies 399
3.1 Experimental Program and Data Source 399
3.2 Introduction of SPODS Software 400
3.3 Data Processing Strategy 401
4 Results and Analysis 401
4.1 Results of Static Data 401
4.2 Results of Static Data by Dynamic Processing Mode 402
4.3 Results of GPS Buoy 403
5 Conclusions 406
Acknowledgments 407
References 407
36 Cycle-Slip Processing Under High Ionospheric Activity Using GPS Triple-Frequency Data 408
Abstract 408
1 Introduction 408
2 The Method of Geometric-Free (GF) Phase Combination 409
3 Modified Algorithm 410
4 Verification with Real Data 412
4.1 No Jumps 413
4.2 Small Jumps 415
4.3 Big Jumps and Continuous Jumps 415
4.4 Insensitive Jumps 416
5 Conclusion 419
References 420
37 Resolving the Regional Ionospheric Grid Model by Applying Kalman Filter 421
Abstract 421
1 Introduction 422
2 Establishment of Model 422
2.1 Calculation of the VTEC 422
2.2 Grid Model Method 423
2.3 Kalman Filter Estimation 424
2.3.1 Observation Equation 424
2.3.2 State Equation 425
2.3.3 Recursive Algorithm 425
3 Results 426
3.1 Data Declaration 426
3.2 Selection of Initial Value 426
3.3 Result Analysis 427
3.3.1 Analysis of VTEC of Grid Point 427
3.3.2 Analysis of Receiver Hardware Delay DCB 428
4 Conclusions 429
Acknowledgements 429
References 430
38 Study in BDS Triple-Frequency Phase Ionospheric Delay Estimation and Code Hardware Delay Separation Method 431
Abstract 431
1 Introduction 431
2 Principle and Methodology 432
2.1 Ambiguity Fixing and Ionosphere Reconstruction 432
2.2 Code Hardware Delay Separation 436
3 Experiments and Analysis 437
3.1 WL Ambiguity Resolution 438
3.2 Ionosphere Reconstruction and Precision Analysis 441
3.3 Code Hardware Delay Separation and Precision Analysis 443
4 Conclusions 445
Acknowledgments 445
References 445
39 The Effect of Colored Noise on the Coordinate Time Series Analysis of Continuous GPS Stations in Antarctic Peninsula 447
Abstract 447
1 Introduction 447
2 Noise Analysis Method 448
3 Data Processing 449
3.1 GPS Data Sources 449
3.2 GPS Data Processing 450
3.3 Network Adjustment 451
3.4 Regional Spatial Filtering 451
4 Time Series Analysis 451
4.1 Noise Analysis 451
4.2 Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty 452
4.3 The Effect of Spatial Filtering on Noise Analysis 453
5 Conclusions 455
References 455
40 Information Transmission Path Selection of Navigation Satellite Network Based on Directional Crosslink 456
Abstract 456
1 Introduction 456
2 Directional Crosslink 457
2.1 Features of Directional Crosslink 457
2.2 Progress of Information Transmission 458
3 Path Selection 459
3.1 Earliest Journey 460
3.2 Shortest Journey 462
4 Experiment and Result Analysis 463
5 Conclusions 464
References 465
41 Performance Analysis of China Regional VTEC Kriging Grid Algorithm 466
Abstract 466
1 Introduction 467
2 Regional Ionospheric VTEC Kriging Grid Algorithm 468
2.1 The Ionospheric Delay Estimation Algorithm Based on Kriging Interpolation 468
2.2 The Computation and Fitting of the Semivariogram 469
3 Data Processing and Analysis of the Modeling Accuracy in China 471
3.1 The RMS Analysis of the Modeling Residuals 472
3.2 The MSE Analysis of the IGPs VTEC Estimation 473
3.3 The Evaluation Using the Rover Stations 474
4 Conclusions 476
Acknowledgments 476
References 476
42 The Tropospheric Product Combination of iGMAS Analysis Centers and the Analysis of Their Precision 478
Abstract 478
1 Introduction 479
2 The Combination and Assessment of Tropospheric Products 479
2.1 The Method of Tropospheric Delay Estimation 479
2.2 The Method of Tropospheric Combination 480
2.3 Precision Assessment of Tropospheric Combination 481
3 Calculation and Analysis of Tropospheric Delay on IGS Stations 482
4 Calculation and Analysis of Tropospheric Delay on iGMAS Stations 484
5 Conclusions 486
Acknowledgments 486
References 486
43 BDS Zero-Difference Zero-Combination Precise Point Positioning Algorithm Study 488
Abstract 488
1 Introduction 488
2 BDS PPP Model and Data Processing Strategy 489
2.1 Observation Equation 489
2.2 Stochastic Model 491
2.3 Parameter Estimation 491
3 Test Results and Analysis 492
3.1 Experimental Results and Analysis 493
4 Conclusion 495
References 495
44 Analysis and Correction of BDS Code Multipath Bias 497
Abstract 497
1 Introduction 498
2 Code Multipath Observable 498
3 Multipath Observable Data Sets of BDS 500
3.1 Comparison of Multipath Observables Between BDS and GPS 500
3.2 Comparison of BDS Multipath Bias of Different Observation Stations 501
4 BDS Multipath Observable Correction 503
5 Conclusions 505
Acknowledgments 506
References 506
45 An Initial Analysis and Assessment on Final Products of iGMAS 508
Abstract 508
1 Introduction 509
2 Combination Strategy for Final Products 510
2.1 Final Station Coordinates/Orbit/ERP/Clock Bias Combination Strategy 510
2.2 Combination Strategy for Final Troposphere and Ionosphere Products 512
3 Analysis and Assessment on Final Products 512
3.1 Final Orbit 512
3.2 Final Satellite Clock Products 515
3.3 Final ERP Products 516
3.4 Final Ionosphere Products 518
3.5 Final Troposphere Products 519
4 Conclusions 519
References 520
46 Evaluating PPP Ambiguity Resolution Methods with Ionosphere-Free and Raw GPS Observation Models 521
Abstract 521
1 Introduction 522
2 Multi-GNSS PPP Model 522
3 UPD Separation and Ambiguity Resolution 523
3.1 UPD Separation Algorithm 523
3.2 Ambiguity Resolution on Single Station 524
4 Results and Discussion 525
4.1 UPD Quality Analysis 525
4.2 Positioning Results 526
4.3 Convergence Results 528
5 Concluding Remarks 530
References 530
47 Kinematic Precise Point Positioning Algorithm with Constraint Condition 532
Abstract 532
1 Introduction 532
2 Kinematic PPP Mode with Constraint Condition 533
2.1 Traditional Kinematic PPP Mode 533
2.2 Kinematic PPP with Constraint Condition 534
3 Test Result and Analysis 537
3.1 Experiment Strategy 537
3.2 Line Constraint Results 539
3.3 Partial Constraint Results 540
4 Conclusion 542
Acknowledgements 542
References 542
48 Instantaneous and Controllable Ambiguity Resolution Based on Linear Integer Aperture Estimator: Principle and Application 544
Abstract 544
1 Introduction 545
2 Integer Aperture Estimator 545
2.1 Integer Aperture Pull-in Region 545
2.2 Linear IA (LIA) Estimators 547
2.2.1 DTIA 547
2.2.2 Integer Aperture Least-Square (IALS) 548
2.2.3 W-Test IA (WTIA) 549
2.2.4 Projector Test IA (PTIA) and Improvement 549
2.3 Probability Evaluations of LIA Estimators 550
3 Instantaneous and Controllable Ambiguity Resolution Method 551
3.1 The Simplified and Modified iCON Approach 552
3.2 Comparison of LIA Estimator Based on Fixed Failure Rate Approach 553
3.3 Comparison of LIA Estimator Based on the Simplified ICON Approach 555
4 Application in GNSS Compass 556
5 Conclusion 558
Acknowledgment 559
References 559
49 Ambiguity Fixing for Kinematic PPP with Integer Phase Clock 561
Abstract 561
1 Introduction 562
2 Principle of PPP Ambiguity Fixing 562
3 Algorithm of PPP Ambiguity Fixing 564
3.1 The Process of Implementing Ambiguity Fixing 564
3.2 The Fixing of Wide-Lane Ambiguity and the Selection About Independent Groups of Ambiguity 565
3.3 Sequential Fixing of Single-Difference Narrow-Lane Ambiguity 566
4 Experiment and Analysis 566
4.1 The Experiment of Dynamic Simulated by Static in Single Day 566
4.2 The Experiment of Dynamic Simulated by Static in Two Hours 569
5 Conclusion 571
Acknowledgments 572
References 572
50 Estimating Tropospheric Slant Delay Based on Improved Ray Tracing Method 573
Abstract 573
1 Introduction 573
2 Method Based on Improved Ray Tracing 574
2.1 Ray Tracing 574
2.2 Improved Ray Tracing 575
3 Data Processing and Results 577
4 Conclusions 579
References 579
51 A Improving Method for Validating Ambiguity Resolution of BeiDou Static Baseline Solution with Medium-Long Baseline 580
Abstract 580
1 Introduction 580
2 Medium-Long Baseline Algorithm Model 581
2.1 B1+B3 Double-Frequency Model 582
2.2 LC Fixed Solution Model 582
3 Two Kinds of Ambiguity Validation Methods 583
3.1 Single Ratio Validation Method 584
3.2 Joint Validation Method 584
4 Experimental Data Analysis 585
4.1 Comparative Analysis of LC Fixed Solution Model and B1+B3 Model 585
4.2 Comparative Analysis of Two Ambiguity Validation Methods 586
5 Conclusion 589
Acknowledgement 589
References 590
52 A Modified Algorithm of Phase-Smoothed Pseudorange Based on Doppler Frequency Shift 591
Abstract 591
1 Introduction 591
2 Analyze of Correlations in Epochs of Different Smoothing Algorithm 592
3 Weight Factors Based on Doppler Frequency Shift 594
4 Calculation Examples 595
5 Conclusion 597
References 597
53 VTEC Modeling and Analysis for Single Station Based on Moving Time Window 599
Abstract 599
1 Introduction 599
2 Principle of Polynomial Model Based on Moving Time Window 600
2.1 Extraction of VTEC 600
2.2 Establishment of Polynomial Model Based on Moving Time Window 601
3 Simulation and Analysis 602
4 Conclusion 605
Acknowledgments 605
References 605
54 Relative Positioning with Undifferenced Observations: Concept and Application/Experiments with BDS 607
Abstract 607
1 Introduction 608
2 History and Evolution 609
3 Mathematical Principle 610
4 Analysis of Experiment 613
4.1 Network Solution 614
4.2 Static Baseline Solution 616
4.3 Kinematic Baseline Solution 617
4.4 Kinematic Reference Solution 618
5 Conclusion 620
Acknowledgements 621
References 621
Part IIIAtomic Clock and Time-FrequencyTechnology 623
55 Experimental Study on Improvement of Discharge Bulb Aging of Hydrogen Maser 624
Abstract 624
1 Introduction 624
2 Effects and Evaluation Method of Discharge Bulb 625
3 Existing Aging Technological Procedure of Discharge Bulb 626
4 Experimental Study of Discharge Bulb Aging Improvement 627
5 Comparison of the Two Kinds of Aging Process 628
6 Conclusion 629
References 630
56 Analysis on Factors Influencing Frequency Drift of Rubidium Clocks for Satellite Navigation 631
Abstract 631
1 Introduction 631
2 Frequency Characteristics of the Satellite Rubidium Clock 632
3 Mechanisms of the Frequency Drift 633
3.1 Light Shift 633
3.2 Helium Permeation 635
3.3 Other Mechanisms Affecting Frequency Drift 636
4 Discussion and Conclusion 637
References 637
57 Development of a New Type of Spaceborne Miniaturized Rubidium Clock 639
Abstract 639
1 Introduction 639
2 Machine Design and Technical Features 640
2.1 Machine Design 640
2.2 Technical Features 642
2.2.1 Structural Design 642
2.2.2 Circuit Design 642
2.2.3 Design of Physical Part 643
3 Performance Test Results 644
4 Conclusion 646
References 646
58 Analyzing Prediction Methods and Precision of GNSS System Time Offset Using End-Point and Kalman Filter 647
Abstract 647
1 Introduction 648
2 Analysis of Prediction Principle 648
2.1 Principle for End-Point Prediction 649
2.2 Principle of Kalman Filter Prediction 649
2.2.1 Principle and Process of Kalman Filter Prediction 649
2.2.2 Determination of Kalman Prediction Parameters 651
3 Analysis of Prediction Performance 652
3.1 Method to Analyze 652
3.2 Determine the Initial Values of Prediction Parameters 652
3.2.1 State Noise Variance Matrix 652
3.2.2 Measure Noise Matrix 654
3.2.3 Mean Square Noise Matrix 654
3.3 Result Analysis of Prediction Experience 654
4 Conclusion 656
Acknowledgments 656
References 656
59 Analysis of the Effect of ODTS System Noise on the Performance Estimation of On-Board Clock 658
Abstract 658
1 Introduction 658
2 Analysis on ODTS System Noise 659
3 Results of ODTS System Noise 659
4 Conclusion 662
References 663
60 Research on the MAI Model of TWSTFT System and MAI Suppression Algorithm 664
Abstract 664
1 Introduction 664
2 System Model of TWSTFT 665
2.1 Theoretical Principle of TWSTFT 665
2.2 Signal Model with MAI 666
3 MAI Error Estimate Method 667
4 MAI Suppression Method Focus on Pseudo code Measure 669
5 Simulation Analysis 670
6 Summary 672
References 672
61 Study on the Time Delay Calibration Method of TWSTFT Link 673
Abstract 673
1 Introduction 674
2 TWSTFT Basics 674
3 Calibration of Ground Stations 675
3.1 The Portable TWSTFT Station 676
3.2 The Double Portable TWSTFT Stations (DPS) 677
4 Experimental Results 678
4.1 Comparison Test with Fiber 679
4.2 Calibrating Link Delay of Ground TWSTFT Stations 681
5 Conclusions 683
Acknowledgments 683
References 683
62 A Quick Method of Measuring the Transmission Time of Optical Fiber 684
Abstract 684
1 Introduction 684
2 The Peak Scanning Measurement 685
3 Remainder Theorem 686
4 The Quick Scanning Measurement Method 687
5 Conclusion 689
References 689
63 Design of a High-Performance Compact Rubidium Frequency Standard 690
Abstract 690
1 Introduction 690
2 Design Approach 691
3 Physics Package 693
4 Structure 694
5 Performance and Subsequent Work 696
6 Summary 697
References 697
Part IVStandardization, Intellectual Properties,Policies, and Regulations 698
64 Analysis on the Standard Structure for the Ground Control Segment of Beidou Navigation Satellite System 699
Abstract 699
1 Introduction 699
2 Current Status of Navigation Signal Construction Design 700
3 Demand Analysis for Operation Control Standards of Beidou System 701
3.1 Demand Analysis of Operation Service Standard 702
3.2 Demand Analysis of Construction Standards 702
3.3 Demand Analysis of Operation Maintenance Standard 703
4 Standard Structure Design of Ground Control Segment 704
4.1 Design Principle 704
4.2 Standard Structure Design 705
4.3 Urgent Standard Demand of the Ground Control Segment for Beidou Navigation Satellite System 707
5 Conclusion 707
References 707
65 The Management Pattern of Intellectual Property for Enterprises of Beidou Satellite Navigation 709
Abstract 709
1 Introduction 709
2 Aspect of Technical Level 710
2.1 The Annual Quantity of Application for Patents Related to Beidou Satellite Navigation 710
2.2 words/phrases and complete the sentence. 710
Outline placeholder 1
2.3 The Proportion of Participation in Research and Development by Enterprises in Beidou Related Patents 711
3 Aspect of Institutional Framework 712
3.1 The Main Function of Intellectual Property Management Department of Enterprise 712
3.1.1 The Strategy Management of Intellectual Property 712
3.1.2 The Development and Application of Intellectual Property Rights 712
3.1.3 Intellectual Property Management 712
3.1.4 Communication and Cooperation 713
3.2 The Status quo of Management Department of Intellectual Property of Key Enterprises in Beidou Industry 713
3.3 Summary and Analysis 714
4 Aspect of Business Operation 714
5 Aspect of Resource Utilization 716
5.1 National Industry Policy 716
5.2 Cooperation with Universities and Scientific Research Institutes 716
5.3 The Integration of Internal Resources in Enterprises 717
6 Conclusions 717
References 718
66 Erratum to: China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2016 Proceedings: Volume III 719
Erratum to: J. Sun et al. (eds.), China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2016 Proceedings: Volume III, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 390, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0940-2 719