China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2016 Proceedings: Volume II (eBook)

Preface 6
The 7th China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC 2016) Committees 8
Scientific Committee 8
Organizing Committee 9
Editorial Board 10
Contents 13
Part ISatellite Navigation Signals 19
1 The Application of Fountain Code in Satellite Navigation System 20
Abstract 20
1 Introduction 20
2 Fountain Code 21
2.1 Overview of the Fountain Code 21
2.2 LT Code 22
3 Modification for the LT Code Encoding Algorithm 23
3.1 Analysis for the LT Encoding Algorithm 23
3.2 Modified Algorithm for LT Code Encoding 25
4 The Application of Fountain Code in Satellite Navigation System 26
4.1 The Advantage Analysis of Applying Fountain Code into Satellite Navigation System 27
4.2 Preliminaries for Low-Earth Orbit Satellite 27
4.3 The Application of Fountain Code in Satellite Navigation System 28
4.4 Simulation Result of LT-LDPC Concatenated Code 29
5 Conclusions 29
Acknowledgments 30
References 30
2 A Comprehensive Evaluation Approach of Navigation Signal Performance Based on Multi-attribute Group Decision Making 31
Abstract 31
1ƒIntroduction 32
2ƒMethodology 32
2.1 Signal Attribute System 33
2.2 Fuzzy Optimization Model of One AU 33
2.2.1 Decorrelation of Attributes 33
2.2.2 Calculation of RMD to Each AU Based on Weighted TOPSIS 37
2.3 Multi-level Multi-attribute GDM Model 38
2.3.1 Group Decision of Weights of AUs 38
2.3.2 Calculation of Overall Performance RMD 39
3ƒCase Study 39
4ƒConclusion 42
References 43
3 Peak Position Detection-Based Acquisition Algorithm of Multiple Access Interference Resistance 44
Abstract 44
1 Analysis of Algorithm Principles 45
1.1 Detection Method of the Peak Position 45
1.2 Multiple Frequency Joint Detection Method 47
1.3 Summary of the Algorithm Process 52
2 Verification of Algorithm Simulation 53
2.1 Simulation of Pre-detection Peak–Average Ratio 54
2.2 Simulation of False Alarm Probability 57
2.3 Simulation of Detection Probability 58
3 Conclusion 60
References 61
4 Overall Performance Comparison of Three Dual-Frequency Constant Envelop Modulation Schemes for GNSS 62
Abstract 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Schemes and Differences 63
2.1 Modulation Schemes 63
2.2 Performance Differences 64
3 Overall Performance Evaluation Method 64
3.1 Evaluation Index Design 64
3.2 Evaluation Index Definition 65
3.3 Evaluation Index Analyzing Method 65
4 Overall Performance Test and Comparison 65
4.1 Test Conditions 65
4.2 Test Method 66
4.3 Test Results and Analysis 66
4.3.1 Acquisitioning Threshold Result 67
4.3.2 Tracking Threshold Result 68
4.3.3 Results Analysis 69
5 Summary 70
References 70
5 Research and Performance Analysis of Constant-Envelope Multiplex for BD B2 Signals 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 73
2 Four Signals Modulation with BPSK (2) 73
2.1 Asymmetric AltBOC 74
2.2 TD-AltBOC 75
3 Five Signals Modulation with AltBOC (15, 10) + BPSK (2) 76
4 Multiplex Efficiency 77
5 Code Tracking Accuracy 77
6 Anti-interference Performance 78
7 Anti-multipath Performance 78
8 Multiplex Efficiency 79
9 Code Tracking Accuracy 79
10 Anti-disturbance Performance 79
11 Anti-multipath Performance 80
12 Conclusions 81
References 81
6 An Improved Approach of SFAP Algorithm for Suppressing Concurrent Narrowband and Wideband Interference 83
Abstract 83
1 Introduction 83
2 SFAP Algorithm 85
2.1 SFAP Algorithm Model 85
2.2 Weights Characteristic Analysis 86
3 Improved SFAP Weight Calculation Method 87
4 Simulation and Verification 88
4.1 Scene 1 88
4.2 Scene 2 90
5 Summary 93
References 94
7 Analysis and Simulation of Multi-beam Antenna Coverage for GEO Satellite Based on STK 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 96
2 Multi-beam Antenna Pointing Model with Controlling Attitude Offset 97
2.1 Definition of Coordinate System and Mutual Transformation 97
2.2 Computation of Intersection Point of Beam Pointing and Earth 98
3 Antenna Coverage Analysis 101
4 Example of Calculation and STK Simulation 102
4.1 Trajectory of GEO Satellite Multi-beam Antenna Pointing in the Terrestrial Coordinate System 102
4.2 Coverage Analysis of GEO Satellite Multi-beam Antenna 103
5 Conclusions 105
References 105
8 Method of Navigation Message Broadcast Performance Analysis for GNSS 107
Abstract 107
1 Introduction 107
2 Navigation Message Performance Factors 108
2.1 Message Content and Parameter Model 108
2.2 Navigation Message Layout Structure 109
2.3 Navigation Message Broadcast Pattern 110
2.4 Navigation Message Channel Coding 111
2.5 Summary 113
3 Navigation Message Broadcast Performance Evaluation Method and Case Analysis 113
3.1 The Total Amount of Data Within the Information Unit 113
3.2 The TTFF of User 115
3.3 The Time Needed for User to Receive a Set of Almanac 116
3.4 The Scalability of the Message Structure 116
3.5 The Timeliness of Message Broadcast 117
3.6 Utilization of Channel Link Resource 117
3.7 Use Performance of Navigation Message for User 118
4 Conclusion 119
References 120
9 A Novel Unambiguous W2 CCRW Multipath Mitigation Algorithm Applied to BOC (n, n) Signals 121
Abstract 121
1 Introduction 121
2 Signal Model 122
3 Simulation Result 124
4 Conclusion 126
References 126
10 Analysis and Correction of the Inter-frequency Clock Bias for BeiDou Satellites 128
Abstract 128
1 Introduction 129
2 IFCB Estimation Approach 130
3 Results and Analysis 131
3.1 Data Description 131
3.2 IFCB Dependence Analysis 132
3.3 IFCB Estimates 134
3.4 IFCB Correction 137
4 Conclusions 140
Acknowledgment 140
References 140
11 Alternate Broadcasting Method of Navigation Message Among Satellites and Frequencies 142
Abstract 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Alternate Broadcasting Method of Navigation Message among Satellites and Frequencies 143
3 Alternate Broadcasting Design of Beidou Navigation Messages 146
4 Conclusion and Application 149
Acknowledgment 150
References 150
Part IIBDS/GNSS AugmentationSystems and Technology 151
12 Irregularities Detection and Bounding Variance Estimation in Ionospheric Grid Model 152
Abstract 152
1 Introduction 152
2 Estimation of Ionospheric Delay and Its Confidence 153
3 Construction of Statistic for Ionospheric Disturbance Detection 155
4 Consideration for Spatial Decorrelation and Disturbed Ionosphere Condition 155
5 Validation of Bounding Variance Estimation Method 156
6 Conclusion 159
References 160
13 A New Method for Multiple Outliers Detection in Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring 161
Abstract 161
1 Introduction 162
2 Multiple Outliers Detection in RAIM and the Principles of Quasi-Accurate Detection of Outliers 163
3 The Selection of Quasi-Accurate Observations 165
4 Experiments and Results 167
5 Concluding Remarks 173
Acknowledgments 173
References 173
14 Reliability and Separability Analysis of Integrated GPS/BDS System 175
Abstract 175
1 Introduction 176
2 RAIM Algorithms 177
3 Multi-constellation System with Critical Parameters Design 178
4 Numerical Experiments and Analysis 180
4.1 Reliability Performance 180
4.2 Separability Performance 182
5 Conclusion and Remarks 184
References 185
15 Improving Extended Kriging with Chapman Model and Exponential Variation Function Model 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 187
2 Ionospheric Delay Estimation 187
2.1 Extended Kriging Algorithm 187
2.2 Improved Extended Algorithm 188
2.2.1 Chapman Model 188
2.2.2 Exponential Variation Function Model 190
2.2.3 The Calculation of Delay Value 191
3 Algorithm Analysis and Results 192
3.1 Accuracy Analysis of Estimation Algorithm 192
3.2 User Grid Correction Analysis 194
4 Conclusion 196
References 196
16 The Analysis of Availability and Integrity for Beidou-Based High Precise KINRTK 197
Abstract 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Measurement Models 198
3 Satellite Constellation Availability 199
4 Wide Lane Process 201
5 B1/B2 Process 203
6 Conclusions 205
17 Research on GPS RAIM Algorithm Using PF Based on PSO 207
Abstract 207
1 Introduction 207
2 Particle Filter Algorithm Based on Particle Swarm Optimization 208
3 RAIM Algorithm Based on PSO-PF 210
3.1 The System State Equation and Measurement Equation 211
3.2 Principle of LLR Test Used in the RAIM 212
4 Experiment and Simulation Analysis 213
5 Conclusion 217
Acknowledgment 217
References 217
18 Fingerprint Positioning Method of Satellite Signal Based on Probability Distribution 219
Abstract 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Multiparameter Fingerprint Positioning Method Based on Probability Distribution 221
2.1 Offline Sampling Stage 221
2.2 Online Positioning Stage 223
3 Simulation Results and Discussions 224
4 Conclusion 227
Acknowledgments 227
References 227
19 Study and Experimental Analysis of Advanced RAIM Algorithm Based on BDS/GPS Multi-constellation 229
Abstract 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Basic Characteristics and Design Goals 230
3 The Basic Method of Data Processing Based on Multi-constellation 232
4 Receiver Algorithm 233
4.1 Positioning Algorithm and the Test Statistics 233
4.2 Multi-constellation Processing 235
4.3 The Method with Multi-frequency Navigation Signal 235
4.4 VPL Calculation 236
4.5 Calculation and Analysis 237
5 Conclusion 240
Acknowledgments 240
References 240
20 Signal-in-Space Accuracy Research of GPS/BDS in China Region 242
Abstract 242
1 Introduction 243
2 Geometric Approximation Algorithm 243
2.1 Two Cases of WUL Distribution 244
2.2 Principle of Geometric Approximation Algorithm 245
2.3 Steps of Geometric Approximation Algorithm 246
2.4 Result of Geometric Approximation Algorithm 247
3 Process of Calculating SISRE 247
3.1 Data Resources 247
3.2 Brief Data Processing Process 248
4 Result and Analysis 249
4.1 URE Comparison of GPS and BDS 249
4.2 Results of WURE and AURE 250
5 Conclusion 251
Acknowledgment 252
References 252
21 The Performance Testing Method of Optical Fiber Time Synchronization in BeiDou Ground-Based Navigation Signal Net 253
Abstract 253
1 Introduction 253
2 Basic Principle of Time and Frequency Transfer via Optical Fiber 254
3 Test Method 255
4 The Test Results 257
5 Conclusions 258
References 258
22 The Improvement of the Positioning Accuracy in Search and Rescue with Two Satellites 260
Abstract 260
1 Introduction 261
2 The Principle of Pseudorange Differential Based on TDOA and FDOA in the Dual-Satellite Location 262
3 Results and Discussions of the Experiment 264
4 Conclusions 266
References 266
23 An Enhanced Global Positioning Technology and Precision Verification of BDS 267
Abstract 267
1 Introduction 268
2 The Composition and Realization of the Global-Enhanced Real-Time Positioning System of BDS 269
3 Real-Time Orbit Solving Strategy 270
4 Real-Time Clock Offset Solving Strategy 270
5 The Real-Time PPP Algorithm of the Client of BDS 271
6 The Preliminary Design of Global-Enhanced Message 272
7 Result and Discussions 272
7.1 The Accuracy Analysis of Real-Time Orbit and Clock Offset 273
7.2 Precision Verification of BDS Global-Enhanced Real-Time PPP 274
8 Conclusions 279
Acknowledgments 279
References 279
24 Research and Application on Enhanced Reception Techniques Based on Distributed Antennas in Ground Station 281
Abstract 281
1 Introduction 282
2 Antenna Requirement 283
2.1 The Requirement for Spreading Code Correctness Analysis 284
2.2 The Requirement for Time Domain Waveform Analysis 284
2.3 Statistical Antenna Aperture 285
3 Distributed Signal Enhancing Techniques 285
3.1 Principle of Distributed Signal Receiving Architecture 285
3.2 Key Technology Analysis 287
4 Distributed Signal Synthesis Principle 288
4.1 Definition of Synthesizing Efficiency 288
4.2 Phase Compensation Principle 289
5 Numerical Analysis of the Synthesizing Efficiency 290
6 Conclusion 292
References 293
25 Signal Design of High Accuracy Terrestrial Pseudolites System in BeiDou RDSS Frequency Band 294
Abstract 294
1 Introduction 294
2 High-Precision Terrestrial Pseudolites System 295
3 Compatibility Analysis of Pseudolite/RDSS Signals 296
4 Intrasystem Compatibility Analysis of Pseudolites System 299
5 Test and Verification 303
6 Conclusion and Prospect 304
References 304
26 Wireless Time Synchronization for Multiple UAV-Borne Pseudolites Navigation System 305
Abstract 305
1 Introduction 305
2 TWTFT for UAV-Borne Pseudolites 306
3 Effects of Pseudolites Clock Drift 308
4 Synchronization Performance Under Dynamics 309
5 Synchronization Performance in Jamming 312
6 Simulations of the System Synchronization Performance 313
7 Experiments of the System Synchronization Performance 314
8 Conclusions 316
Acknowledgments 316
References 316
27 A Wide Area Differential Correction Algorithm Research Adapted Differential Satellite Statuses 318
Abstract 318
1 Introduction 318
2 Basic Principle 319
3 Four-Dimensional WADS Correction Algorithm 320
3.1 The Relative Separation Method of Satellite Orbit Error and Clock Error 320
3.2 Time Synchronization of Monitoring Receivers with Common View 321
3.3 Eliminating Multipath 322
3.3.1 Cycle Slip Detection and Repair 322
3.3.2 CNMC Algorithm 323
4 Experiment Analysis 324
5 Summary 326
References 327
28 Performance Analysis of INS-Aided GNSS Carrier Loop for Tracking Weak Signal 328
Abstract 328
1 Introduction 328
2 Design of Carrier Tracking Loop with INS-Aided 329
2.1 INS Aiding PLL Design 329
2.2 Estimating C/N0 of GNSS Signal 331
3 Analysis of PLL Tracking Error 331
3.1 PLL Tracking Error 331
3.2 Error Analysis of PLL with INS Aiding 332
4 Design of Optimal Bandwidth 333
5 Experiments and Analysis 334
5.1 Analysis of Optimal Bandwidth of PLL Without INS Aiding 334
5.2 Analysis of Optimal Bandwidth of PLL with INS-Aided 336
5.3 The Effect of the INS Accuracy on the PLL Performance 337
6 Conclusion 338
References 338
Part IIIMulti-sensor Fusion Navigation 339
29 The Multipath Fading Channel Simulation for Indoor Positioning 340
Abstract 340
1 Introduction 341
2 Brief Introduction of Mobile Fading Channel 341
3 Research for Indoor Multipath Fading Channels 342
3.1 Indoor Fading Channel Model 342
3.2 Indoor Multipath Channel Model 342
4 Simulation and Analysis of the Indoor Multipath Fading Channel 344
4.1 Single-Path Rayleigh Fading Channel Simulation 344
4.2 Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel Simulation 345
5 Conclusion 346
References 346
30 Research on Ranging/GNSS Localization Based on Pollution Collaborative Positioning via Adaptive Kalman Filter 347
Abstract 347
1 Introduction 347
2 Ranging/GNSS Collaborative Positioning Model 349
2.1 System Model 349
2.2 Observation Model 349
2.3 Mutil-use Collaborative Positioning Model 351
3 Estimation Algorithm 351
3.1 Kalman Filter 351
3.2 Adaptive Kalman Filter 352
4 Experimental Results 353
4.1 Static Test 353
4.2 Pollution Collaborative Positioning Algorithm 355
4.3 Dynamic Model Trajectory Test 359
5 Conclusions 360
Acknowledgments 361
References 361
31 Dynamic Weighted Data Fusion Algorithm Based on TDOA/RSSI for Indoor Location 362
Abstract 362
1 Introduction 362
2 RSSI Ranging Processing 363
3 TDOA Location Algorithm 365
4 Fusion Algorithm 366
4.1 The Proposed Algorithm 366
4.2 The Initial Position Estimate 366
4.3 The First Layer Data Fusion 367
4.4 The Second Layer Data Fusion 367
5 Results 368
5.1 Ranging Results 368
5.2 Locating Results 368
6 Conclusion 370
References 370
32 Fast Acquisition Algorithm in GNSS/INS Ultra Tightly Integrated Navigation System Based on Steady State Judgment 372
Abstract 372
1 Introduction 372
2 Doppler Shift Estimation Error Modeling 373
2.1 RF Channel Frequency Error 373
2.2 The Almanac Calculation Error 374
2.3 INS Calculation Error 374
3 The Influence of Doppler Shift Estimation Error on GNSS /INS Ultra Tightly Integrated Navigation System 374
4 Fast Acquisition Algorithm Based on Steady State Judgment 376
5 Simulation and Analysis 377
6 Conclusion 379
References 379
33 Research on Horizontal Line Fitting Algorithm Based on Robust Estimation 380
Abstract 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Horizontal Line Projection Principle 381
2.1 Fisheye Camera Projection Model 381
2.2 Horizontal Line Projection Principle 382
3 Horizontal Line Fitting Method 384
3.1 Error Equation 384
3.2 Robust Estimation 387
4 Analysis and Examples 389
Acknowledgment 391
References 391
34 A Weak Signal Acquisition Method for Indoor Passive Location on Mobile Communications 393
Abstract 393
1 Introductions 394
2 Research on the Acquisition Method of Passive Location About CDMA 395
2.1 The Existing CDMA Signal Acquisition Method 395
2.2 The Analysis of RACH 396
2.3 Improved RACH Signal Acquisition Method 397
2.3.1 Algorithm Block Diagram and Steps 398
3 Experiment Simulation 399
4 Conclusions 402
References 402
35 Review of Timing and Positioning with OFDM 404
Abstract 404
1 Introduction 404
2 OFDM Signals System Ranging Principle 406
2.1 OFDM Signal System Principle 406
2.2 OFDM Signals System Ranging Principle 406
2.3 Summary 407
3 Synchronization Algorithm 408
3.1 Timing Synchronization Based on CP [13, 14] 408
3.2 Timing Synchronization Method Based on Pilot 409
4 Channel Estimation 411
4.1 Non-blind Estimation [24, 25] 412
4.2 Semi-blind Channel Estimation 414
4.3 Blind Channel Estimation 415
5 Conclusion 415
References 416
36 Performance Evaluation of Vehicle-Based POS by Hybrid Use of Total Station and Laser Tracker System 418
Abstract 418
1 Introduction 419
2 Design of Accuracy Evaluation Scheme 420
2.1 Overall Trajectory Comparison 420
2.2 Real-Time Point Comparison 421
3 Error Analysis and Correction 421
3.1 Elimination of Gross Error Based on the Time of Single Measurement 422
3.2 Elimination of Gross Error Based on Smooth Trajectory 423
3.3 Overall Trajectory Correction Based on ICP Algorithm 425
4 Performance Evaluation and Analysis 426
5 Conclusion 428
Acknowledgments 429
References 429
37 The Experimental Study of MIMU/BeiDou Integrated Navigation System for Land Vehicle Applications in Highly Poor Weather Conditions 430
Abstract 430
1 Introduction 431
2 System Mathematical Modeling 432
2.1 System Error Dynamics 432
2.2 System Measurement Equation 433
3 Real-Time Enhanced Data Fusion Algorithm Design 434
3.1 Time Synchronization 434
3.2 Kalman Filtering with Delayed Observations 435
3.3 MIMU In-Flight Coarse Alignment 435
4 Field Test 436
4.1 Allan Variance Analysis 437
4.2 Accuracy Evaluation Test 438
4.3 “Blind Pilot” Experiment Design 439
5 Conclusions 441
Acknowledgments 441
References 441
38 Reliability and Separability Analysis of Multiple-Fault Detection in Visual Navigation Using Reality-Based 3D Maps 443
Abstract 443
1 Introduction 443
2 Functional Model for Vision-Based Navigation 445
3 Outlier Statistics for Single-outlier and Multiple-outlier Scenarios 446
4 Reliability for Single-Outlier and Multiple-Outlier Scenarios 447
5 Correlation for Single-Outlier and Multiple-Outlier Scenario 447
6 Experiments 448
7 Concluding Remarks 452
References 452
39 Partial State Feedback Correction for Smoothing Navigational Parameters 454
Abstract 454
1 Introduction 454
2 Partial State Feedback Correction 455
2.1 KF with Indirect Feedback Correction and EKF 456
2.1.1 EKF Formulations 456
2.1.2 Error State-Based KF with Feedback Correction 457
2.2 Partial Feedback Kalman Filter 458
2.3 Other Issues About Filtering Parameters 460
3 Simulation and Result Analysis 461
4 Conclusion 463
Appendix 463
References 465
40 Simplified Ellipsoid Fitting-Based Magnetometer Calibration for Pedestrian Dead Reckoning 466
Abstract 466
1 Introduction 467
2 Ellipsoid Fitting-Based Magnetometer Calibration 467
2.1 Error Analysis 468
2.2 Error Modelling 468
2.3 Simplified Calibration Process 471
3 Magnetometer Calibration-Assisted Pedestrian Dead Reckoning 472
3.1 The Principle of PDR 472
3.2 Magnetometer Calibration Assist 472
4 Evaluation 473
4.1 Magnetometer Calibration 473
4.2 Calibration Process Simplification 474
4.3 Indoor Pedestrian Positioning 475
5 Conclusion 478
Acknowledgment 478
References 478
41 Velocity Prediction for Multi-rotor UAVs Based on Machine Learning 480
Abstract 480
1 Introduction 481
2 The Dynamic Model 481
3 SVM Regression 483
4 Method 485
4.1 Data Preprocessing 485
4.2 Training Method 486
5 Experiment and Result Analyze 488
5.1 Hardware Platform 488
5.2 Data Collection 489
5.3 Training Data Checking 490
5.4 Result and Analyse 490
6 Conclusion 492
Acknowledgment 493
References 493
42 The Hybrid GNSS-Terrestrial Localization Method Based on the Augmented UKF 494
Abstract 494
1 Introduction 494
2 Problem Formulation 495
2.1 System Model 496
2.2 Observation Model 497
3 Cooperative Positioning Based on the Augmented UKF 497
3.1 Prediction 498
3.2 Update 499
3.3 Cooperative Positioning 499
4 Simulations 502
5 Conclusion 503
References 503
43 Research About Stereo Positioning Using Multi-source Remote Sensing Images 505
Abstract 505
1 Introduction 505
2 Stereo Positioning Principles Using Heterologous Remote Sensing Images 507
2.1 RFM Model Construction 507
2.2 Block Stereo Adjustment Based on RFM 508
2.3 Forward Intersection 508
3 Factor Analysis of Error Propagation 509
3.1 Measurement Error of Tie Points 509
3.2 Intersection Angle 510
3.3 Number of Overlay Images 511
4 Heterologous Stereo Verification and Accuracy Analysis 511
4.1 Experiment Data 511
4.2 Comparison Between Homologous and Heterologous Stereo Experiments 512
4.3 Heterologous Stereo Experiment Using Multi-resolution Complex Combination 514
5 Conclusion 516
References 516
44 Crowdsourced Fingerprint Localization Using Virtual Radio Map 518
Abstract 518
1 Introduction 519
2 Related Works 520
3 The Algorithm Framework 521
4 Local Gaussian Process 522
5 Performance Evaluation 524
6 Conclusion 526
References 526
45 Navigation Source Selection Algorithm of Multisource Navigation System 528
Abstract 528
1 Introduction 528
2 Fast Navigation Source Selection Algorithm 529
2.1 Model Description of Multisource Navigation System 529
2.2 Model Description of Multisource Navigation System 530
2.3 Model Description of Multisource Navigation System 532
3 Positioning Principle of Multisource Navigation System 535
4 Simulation Experiment and Conclusion 535
Acknowlegment 537
References 537
46 Establishment and Verification of Enhancement Correction Model for Differential Barometric Altimetry 539
Abstract 539
1 Introductions 539
2 Mechanism of the Model 540
2.1 Nonlinear Regression Model of Baro Characteristics in Constant Micro-Interval Time Domain Based on Kalman Filter 540
2.2 Adapt Learning and Correction Algorithm 543
3 Verification for Model Performance 543
3.1 Simulation Indoor Environment of Fire 544
3.2 Simulation and Conclusion 544
3.3 Experiment and Conclusion 547
4 Conclusions 548
References 548
Part IVPNT System and EmergingNavigation Technology 549
47 Design of the Performance Evaluation Software for X-ray Detectors 550
Abstract 550
1 Introduction 550
2 Evaluation Process and Software Framework 551
3 The Model for the Analysis of the Detector Performance 552
3.1 The Model for the Pulsar Signal 552
3.1.1 Models of the Single Photon Time Arrival 552
3.1.2 Models of the Single Photon Energy 552
3.2 The Model for the Space Environments 553
3.2.1 Models of the Cosmic X-Ray Background 553
3.2.2 Models of the Secondary Particle Noise 553
3.3 Model for the Receiving Signal of the Detector 553
3.4 Model for the Performance Evaluation 554
3.4.1 Maximum Likelihood Method 554
3.4.2 The Cross-Correlation Method 555
4 Implements of the Detector Performance Evaluation Software 555
5 The Experiments of the Software 557
6 Conclusions 558
References 559
48 Research on Gridding Precision Evaluation Method of Geomagnetic Field Model 560
Abstract 560
1 Introduction 560
2 The Principle and Method of Geomagnetic Field 561
2.1 Traditional Evaluation Method 562
2.2 Improved Gridding Method 563
3 Experiments and Results Analysis 565
3.1 Data Collection 565
3.2 The Results of Traditional Method 566
3.3 The Results of Gridding Method 567
4 Conclusions 569
Acknowledgments 569
References 570
49 Analysis on the Influence Factors to Atmospheric Polarization Navigation 571
Abstract 571
1 Introduction 572
2 Analysis of the Influence Factors to Atmospheric Polarization Properties 573
2.1 Distribution of Atmospheric Polarization of Molecular Scattering 573
2.2 Effects of Optical Properties of Aerosol Particles on Polarization Distribution 574
2.3 Effects of Atmospheric Turbidity on the Polarization Distribution of the Whole Sky 576
2.4 Effects of the Sun Position on the Polarization Distribution of the Whole Sky 579
3 Feasibility Analysis of Polarization Navigation in Middle and Upper Atmosphere 579
References 580
50 A CFAR Detection Algorithm for X-ray Pulsar Signal Based on Time-Frequency Entropy 582
Abstract 582
1 Introduction 582
2 Time-Frequency Entropy 583
3 A CFAR Detection Algorithm Based on TFE for X-ray Pulsar Signal 584
3.1 Theory Analysis of TFE Detection Algorithm 584
3.2 CFAR Detection Algorithm Based on TFE 590
4 Experiment and Analysis 593
4.1 Verifying Gaussian Distribution Characteristics of Statistics Xi 593
4.2 Experimental Analysis of the Detection Algorithm 594
4.2.1 Detection Performance of the Algorithm 594
4.2.2 Performance Comparison of Different Algorithms 594
4.3 Complexity Analysis of Algorithm 596
5 Conclusion 597
Acknowledgment 597
References 597
51 Research on Pulse Profile Stability of the X-ray Pulsar PSR B1509-58 598
Abstract 598
1 Introduction 598
2 Observations and Data Reduction 600
3 Pulse Profile Stability Analysis 601
4 Conclusions 605
Acknowledgments 605
References 605
52 Discovery and Theory of the Shadow Reference Points 607
Abstract 607
1 Introduction 607
2 Model of the Relay Navigation 608
3 Existence of the Shadow Reference Points 609
4 Simulation 611
4.1 Simulation of Range Error 611
4.2 Applying Simulation of Shadow Reference Points 612
5 Conclusion 615
References 615
53 A New Multichannel Acquisition Method for Navigation Signal Based on Compound Carrier 616
Abstract 616
1 Introduction 616
2 NSCC Signal and Its Properties 618
3 Multichannel Acquisition Algorithm 619
3.1 The Framework of Multichannel Acquisition Algorithm 619
3.2 Mathematical Model 621
3.3 Procedures of Multichannel Acquisition Method 624
3.4 Statistical Model 625
4 Simulation 627
4.1 The Validity of the Multichannel Method 627
4.2 The Performance of the Multichannel Method 629
5 Conclusion 631
Acknowledgments 632
References 632
54 Cycle Duty Design of Pulse Navigation Signal 634
Abstract 634
1 Introduction 634
2 Common Coherent Integration Model Analyses 635
3 High-Ordered Coherent Integration Model of PPN Signal 636
3.1 PPN Signal Model 637
3.2 High-Ordered Coherent Integration Model 637
3.3 Introduction of Cycle Duty 638
4 Optimal Loop Characteristic Frequency and Optimal Cycle Duty 639
4.1 Effects on System Response 639
4.2 Selection of Optimal Characteristic Frequency 640
5 Simulations and Analyses 641
6 Conclusions 643