Tsunamis and Earthquakes in Coastal Environments (eBook)

Foreword 6
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 10
Contributors 12
Chapter 1: Revisiting the 2001 Peruvian Earthquake and Tsunami Impact Along Camana Beach and the Coastline Using Numerical Modeling and Satellite Imaging 15
1.1 Introduction 16
1.1.1 Developing the Tsunami Source Model 17
1.1.1.1 Seismic Source Models 17
1.1.1.2 Tsunami Data 18
1.1.1.3 Tsunami Waveform Inversion 19
1.1.2 Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Inundation 21
1.1.2.1 Numerical Model Set-Up 21
1.1.2.2 Results and Validation of Tsunami Inundation Model in Camana Coast 23
1.1.3 Impact of the Tsunami Inundation in Camana Coast 24
1.1.3.1 Method 24
1.1.4 Remote Sensing Analysis 26
1.1.5 Concluding Remarks 27
References 28
Chapter 2: Imprints of the AD 1755 Tsunami in Algarve (South Portugal) Lowlands and Post-impact Recovery 31
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Regional and Local Setting 33
2.2.1 Regional Geomorphology 33
2.2.2 Study Areas 33
2.2.2.1 Regional Late Holocene Stratigraphy 34
2.2.3 Results and Discussion 36
2.2.3.1 Historical and Sedimentological Signature of the AD 1755 Tsunami 36
2.2.4 Geomorphological Imprints and Post-impact Recovery 39
2.2.5 Summary 41
References 42
Chapter 3: Ecosystem-Based Tsunami Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesian Coastal Areas 45
3.1 Introduction 46
3.1.1 Tsunami Hazards in Indonesia 46
3.1.2 Approaches in Reducing Potential Tsunami Risks 46
3.2 Scientific Considerations for the Establishment of Coastal Forests for Tsunami Mitigation 49
3.2.1 Experiences from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Damage on Mangrove Forest in Indonesia 49
3.2.2 Experiences in the 2011 East Japan Earthquake-Tsunami 50
3.3 Milestone of Tsunami Mitigation by Using Green Belt in Indonesia 51
3.3.1 General 51
3.3.2 The Growth Rate of Pine Trees in Indonesia 52
3.4 Numerical Modeling for Tsunami Reduction Impact 54
3.5 Some Other Considerations, Best Practices and the Way Ahead 56
3.5.1 Effect of the Salty Vapor in the Plantation and Agriculture Near the Coast 57
3.5.2 Additional Economic Incomes 57
3.5.3 Replication in Other Areas 58
3.6 Final Remarks 58
References 59
Chapter 4: Post-Tsunami Assessment of Coastal Vegetation, with the View to Protect Coastal Areas from Ocean Surges in Sri Lanka 61
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Methodology 63
4.2.1 Possible Factors Affecting the Impact of the Tsunami 63
4.2.1.1 Mangrove and Non-mangrove Areas 63
4.2.1.2 Vulnerable Areas Along the Coast 63
4.2.2 Field Observation on the Survival and Recovery of Common Trees in Tsunami-Affected Areas 64
4.3 Results 65
4.4 Discussion 71
References 76
Chapter 5: Shoreline and Coastal Morphological Changes Induced by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in the Katchal Island, Andaman and Nicobar – A Study Using Archived Satellite Images 79
5.1 Introduction 80
5.2 The 2004 Tsunami and Katchal Island 82
5.3 Methods 83
5.3.1 Satellite Images 83
5.3.2 Shoreline Extraction 84
5.3.3 DSAS Shoreline Analysis 85
5.4 Results and Discussion 86
5.5 Concluding Remarks 89
References 90
Chapter 6: Mud Volcanoes in an Active Fore-Arc Setting: A Case Study from the Makran Coastal Belt, SW Pakistan 92
6.1 Introduction 93
6.2 Geological Setting 96
6.3 Mud Volcanoes Along Makran Coast 97
6.3.1 Onshore Mud Volcanoes 98
6.3.2 Offshore Mud Volcanoes 100
6.4 Emergent Mud Islands 101
6.5 Discussion/Mechanism of formation 104
6.6 Conclusions 106
References 106
Chapter 7: Response of Sheltered and Built-up Coasts in the Wake of Natural Hazards: The Aftermath of the December 2004 Tsunami, Tamil Nadu, India 109
7.1 Introduction 109
7.2 Run-Up Heights and Inundation Limits 110
7.3 Sheltered Coasts and Built Up Coasts: Functional Aspects 113
7.4 Post Tsunami Scenario: A Decade Later 116
7.5 Conclusions 122
References 123
Chapter 8: Characteristics of Shoreline Retreat Due to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami and Its Recovery After Three Years 125
8.1 Introduction 125
8.2 Method 128
8.3 Results 129
8.3.1 Shoreline Retreat Due to the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami 129
8.3.2 Three-Year Shoreline Change After the Earthquake and Tsunami 133
8.4 Discussion and Conclusions 133
References 134
Chapter 9: Investigating the 2011 Tsunami Impact on the Teizan Canal and the Old River Mouth in Sendai Coast. Miyagi Prefecture Japan
9.1 Introduction 136
9.2 Study Area 138
9.2.1 Analysis of Historical Maps 138
9.2.2 Topographical Analysis 141
9.3 Conclusions 146
References 146
Chapter 10: Morphological Characteristics of River Mouths After the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Miyagi Prefecture 148
10.1 Introduction 148
10.2 Study Area 149
10.3 Methodology and Data Collection 150
10.4 Results 151
10.4.1 River M outh Morphological Changes Under Pre- and Post-Tsunami Conditions 151
10.4.1.1 Natori River 151
10.4.1.2 Naruse River 151
10.4.2 Estimations of Minimum River Mouth Widths and Position Changes 153
10.4.3 Temporal Changes of River Mouth Bottom Topography 155
10.4.4 Comparison With Tidal Prism and the Inlet Cross-­Sectional Area 158
10.5 Conclusions 161
References 162
Chapter 11: Post-Tsunami Lagoon Morphology Restoration Sendai Japan
11.1 Introduction 164
11.2 Study Area and Data Collection 166
11.3 Morphological Changes of Gamo Lagoon 167
11.3.1 Morphological Changes Before the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 167
11.3.2 Morphological Changes Induced by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 172
11.3.3 Morphological Recovery After the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 172
11.4 Discussion 174
11.5 Conclusions 176
References 176
Chapter 12: The Minato River in Miyagi Prefecture Reconstruction and Restoration – An Overview 178
12.1 Introduction 178
12.2 Minato River 180
12.2.1 Tsunami and Earthquake Environmental Impacts 181
12.3 Environmental Recovery 184
12.4 Reconstruction and Restoration 187
12.5 Discussion and Conclusions 190
References 194
Chapter 13: Tsunami Impacts on Eelgrass Beds and Acute Deterioration of Coastal Water Quality Due to the Damage of Sewage Treatment Plant in Matsushima Bay, Japan 198
13.1 Introduction 199
13.2 Tsunami Damage and Recovery of Eelgrass Beds in Matsushima Bay 199
13.2.1 Loss of Eelgrass and Seaweed Beds 199
13.2.2 Habitat Suitability Index Model to Assess Tsunami Impacts on Eelgrass 200
13.2.3 Changes in the Physical Environment and the Potential for Eelgrass Recovery 203
13.3 Acute Impact of Tsunami-Induced Damage to a Sewage Treatment Plant on Coastal Water Quality 205
13.3.1 Damage and Recovery of a Sewage Treatment Plant 205
13.3.2 Impacts on Water Quality 206
13.3.3 Importance of Temporary Treatment 207
13.4 Conclusions 207
References 209
Chapter 14: Effects of the Great East Japan Tsunami on Fish Populations and Ecosystem Recovery. The Natori River Northeastern Japan
14.1 Introduction 212
14.2 Methods and Approach 212
14.2.1 Location and Study Sites 212
14.2.2 Survey of Physical Environmental Conditions 214
14.2.3 Collection of Organisms and Measurements 214
14.2.4 Food Source and Food Web Analysis Using Stable Isotope Ratios 214
14.3 Results 215
14.3.1 Effects on the Ayu Fish Population 215
14.3.1.1 Maturation and Reproduction 216
14.3.2 Effects on the Population of Corbicula japonica 218
14.3.2.1 Distribution of Abundance 218
14.3.2.2 Changes in the Food of C. japonica 219
14.3.3 Effects on River Function as a Nursery Ground for Fishes 220
14.3.3.1 Species Composition of Fishes 220
14.3.3.2 Characteristics of Food Chains Based on Stable Isotope Ratios 221
14.4 Discussion 222
14.4.1 Differences in Effects of the Tsunami Between Pelagic and Benthic Communities 222
14.4.2 The River Mouth as a Region of Largest Impact from the Tsunami 224
14.5 Conclusions 224
References 225
Index 227