Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function

Heinz Steiner is Professor and Chair of the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology at the Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Steiner is an expert on the functional organization of the basal ganglia and related brain systems. His research focuses, in particular, on the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the regulation of basal ganglia–cortical interactions; his recent investigations examine how chronic enhancement of dopamine actions produce changes in gene regulation, and how these molecular alterations affect basal ganglia function and behavior. He has been the North America Regional Editor for the journal Basal Ganglia since 2011. Kuei Y. Tseng is Associate Professor in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology at the Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Tseng’s research focuses on the neural bases of Parkinson’s disease, particularly the effects of dopamine loss within the cortico–basal ganglia circuitry and the mechanisms underlying information processing in the brains of individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease. He is the editor of two books on the cortex.

Part A: The Basal Ganglia System and its Evolution 1. History of the Basal Ganglia 2. Anatomical Organization of the Basal Ganglia 3. Evolution of the Vertebrate Basal Ganglia 4. Cell Types in the Basal Ganglia 

Part B: Anatomy and Physiology of the Striatum 5. Striatal Medium Spiny Projection Neurons and their Connections 6. Cholinergic Interneurons of the Striatum 7. GABAergic Interneurons of the Striatum 8. Dopamine Signaling in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons 9. Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Striatum 10. Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Striatum 11. Adenosine Signaling in the Basal Ganglia 

Part C: Anatomy and Physiology of Globus Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus and Substantia Nigra 12. The Globus Pallidus 13. The Subthalamic Nucleus 14. The Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata 15. Subtypes of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons 16. Neurophysiology of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons 17. Plasticity in Dopamine Neurons 18. Regulation of Extracellular Dopamine: Release and Reuptake 

Part D: Network Integration 19. Organization of Corticostriatal Projection Neuron Types 20. Organization of Prefrontal-Striatal Connections 21. Gating of Cortical Input to the Striatum 22. Corticostriatal Synaptic Plasticity in Physiological and Pathological Conditions 23. Organization of the Thalamostriatal Systems 24. The Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus: Connections to the Basal Ganglia 25. The Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus: A Modulator of Dopamine Systems 26. Integrative Networks Across Basal Ganglia Circuits 

Part E: Molecular Signaling in the Basal Ganglia 27. Second-Messenger Cascades 28. DARPP32/Phosphatase Signaling 29. Transsynaptic Regulation of Basal Ganglia Gene Expression 30. Psychostimulant-Induced Gene Regulation in Corticostriatal Circuits 31. Epigenetics in Neuropathologies of the Basal Ganglia

Part F: Basal Ganglia Function and Dysfunction 32. Investigating Basal Ganglia Function with Cell-Type-Specific Manipulations 33. Basal Ganglia Re-Entrant Loops: Roles in Action Selection and Reinforcement 34. Memory Systems in the Basal Ganglia 35. Basal Ganglia Dynamics During Action Sequence (Motor) Learning 36. Abnormal Activities in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits in Movement Disorders 37. Morphological Plasticity in the Striatum Associated with Dopamine Dysfunction 38. Neuroinflammation in Movement Disorders 39. Basal Ganglia Disorders Related to Striosome/Matrix Compartments 40. Drug Addiction: the Neural and Psychological Basis of a Compulsive Incentive Habit 41. Parkinson’s Disease: Cross-Talk Between Environmental Factors and Gene Defects 42. Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Determinants of Vulnerability in Dopamine Neurons 43. Parkinson’s Disease: Genetics 44. Molecular Mechanisms of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia 45. Cell Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: An Update 46. Huntington’s Disease: Molecular Basis 47. Huntington’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models 48. Dystonia 49. Tourette Syndrome 50. Deep-Brain Stimulation for Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders