Smart Power Systems and Renewable Energy System Integration (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 10
Editor and Contributors 11
1 Fundamentals of Power Systems 13
Abstract 13
1 The Evolution of Power Systems 13
1.1 History of Power Systems 13
1.2 Deregulation of Electricity Markets 14
1.3 Climate Change and Modern Power Systems 16
2 Power System Components 17
3 Principles of Power Systems Analysis 19
3.1 Load Flow Methods 19
3.2 Optimal Power Dispatch 21
3.2.1 Power Balance Constraints 21
3.2.2 Generator Limits 21
3.2.3 Voltage Constraints 21
3.2.4 Line Power Flow Constraints 22
3.3 Transient Stability 22
4 Summary 24
References 24
2 Modelling and Simulation of Power Systems 26
Abstract 26
1 Introduction 26
2 Optimisation Techniques 27
3 Probabilistic Techniques 32
4 Stochastic Optimal Power Flow 33
4.1 Monte Carlo Simulation 35
5 Conclusion 36
References 37
3 Micro Grid Planning and Operation 40
Abstract 40
1 Introduction 40
2 State of the Art of Micro Grid Components 42
3 Current Micro Grid Challenges and Opportunities 43
3.1 Voltage Control—Grid Connected Mode 43
3.2 Frequency Control—Islanded Mode 45
3.3 Real Time State Estimation 46
4 Micro Grid Control Strategies 46
4.1 DER Controls 47
4.2 Micro Grid Supervisory Control 47
5 Grid Interaction of Micro Grids 48
5.1 Transmission Level Analysis 48
5.2 Micro Grid Aided Restoration 48
6 Standards and Policy Relevant to Micro Grids and Distributed Generation 50
6.1 UK Grid Code 50
6.2 IEEE 1547 51
7 Selected Micro Grid Research and Case Studies 52
7.1 EU Micro Grid Research Projects 52
7.2 Kythnos Island Micro Grid, Greece 53
7.3 Netherlands 53
7.4 CERTS Micro Grid, USA 53
7.5 GE Global Research Micro Grid, USA 54
8 Future Pathways in Micro Grids 55
9 Conclusions 57
References 57
4 A Preliminary Study on Conversion Efficiency Improvement of a Multi-junction PV Cell with MPPT 59
Abstract 59
1 Introduction 60
2 Modeling of Multi-junction PV Cell Using MATLAB/Simulink 61
2.1 Historical of MJSC 61
2.2 Basic Criterion for Modeling MJSC 62
2.2.1 Lattice Matching 62
2.2.2 Bandgap Energy Matching 62
2.2.3 Current Matching 63
2.3 Various Combination of MJSC 63
2.3.1 Double-Junction Solar Cell 64
2.3.2 Triple-Junction Solar Cell 65
2.4 Simulation Results of Combined MJSC 66
3 Modeling of Hybrid PV Cell and Thermoelectric Generator 69
3.1 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) System Integration 69
3.2 Hybrid PV Cell-Thermoelectric Generator 70
3.3 Thermoelectric Generator MATLAB/Simulink Model 72
3.4 Simulation of the Hybrid PVT Systems 74
4 Installation of MPPT with the PV Cell 75
4.1 MPPT Algorithm 76
4.1.1 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage 76
4.1.2 Fractional Short Circuit Current 76
4.1.3 Perturb and Observe (P& O)
4.1.4 Increase in Conductance 77
4.2 MPPT MATLAB/Simulink Model 77
4.3 Performance Comparison of the MPPT Techniques 78
5 Conclusion 80
Acknowledgement 81
References 81
5 Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Systems 84
Abstract 84
1 Introduction 85
2 State of the Art in Grid Integration of Renewables 86
2.1 Wind Turbine Generators 86
2.2 Photovoltaics 88
2.3 Other Renewable Energy Generation Technologies 88
3 Challenges and Opportunities of Connecting Renewable Power Systems to the Grid 89
4 Short Term Operational Challenges 89
5 Long Term Capacity Planning Challenges 90
6 Network Congestion 92
7 Grid Code on Renewable Generation Connection 94
8 Key Enabling Technologies for Grid Connection of Renewables 95
8.1 Storage Technologies 96
8.2 Demand Management 98
8.3 Dynamic Ratings 98
8.4 Smart Grid 100
9 Case Studies 101
9.1 The London Array 101
9.2 Australia’s Rooftop PV 101
10 Conclusions 103
References 103
6 Technical Challenges, Security and Risk in Grid Integration of Renewable Energy 107
Abstract 107
1 Renewable Energy Growth 107
2 Challenges in Distribution Systems 110
2.1 Change in Standard Load Patterns 111
2.2 Intermittency of Generation 112
2.3 Reverse Power Flow 114
2.4 Voltage Rise 114
2.5 Reactive Power Support 114
2.6 Power Quality Concerns 115
2.7 Distribution System Stability 116
2.8 Other Concerns 117
3 Challenges in Transmission Systems 117
3.1 Voltage Stability 117
3.2 Rotor Angle Stability 118
3.3 Frequency Stability 119
3.4 Critical Ancillary Service Planning 120
3.5 Offshore Grid Operation 121
4 Security and Risk 121
5 Summary 124
References 125
7 Dynamic Modelling, Simulation and Control of a Commercial Building Microgrid 127
Abstract 127
1 Introduction 127
2 Commercial Building Micro Grid System Layout 129
3 Sizing of Micro Grid Components 130
3.1 Active and Reactive Power Characteristics 131
3.2 Sizing of Energy Storage System (Li-Ion Battery Bank) 131
3.3 Sizing of the Capacitor Bank 132
4 SBRC Dynamic Simulation Model 134
4.1 Modelling of Solar-PV Systems 134
4.2 Modelling of Wind Generation System 135
4.3 Modelling of Battery Storage System 136
4.4 Modelling of the Capacitor Bank 137
4.5 Modelling of VSD Motor Loads 138
4.6 Modelling of DOL Motor Loads 138
4.7 Modelling of General Loads 139
5 Microgrid Energy Management System 140
6 Dynamic Response of the Microgrid 141
6.1 Morning Scenario 141
6.2 Mid-Day Scenario 142
6.3 Afternoon Scenario 145
7 Discussion and Conclusions 145
Appendix A SBRC Microgrid Load Distribution Data 146
Appendix B: SBRC Microgrid Cable Impedance Data 146
References 147
8 Probabilistic Methods Applied in Power and Smart Grids 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 149
2 The Importance of Probabilistic Methods 150
3 Probabilistic Methods Applied in a Power System 150
3.1 Probabilistic Steady-State Analyses 151
3.1.1 Probabilistic Load Flow Analysis 151
3.1.2 Probabilistic Voltage Stability Analyses 151
3.1.3 Probabilistic Small Signal Stability Analyses 152
3.2 Probabilistic Dynamic Analyses 153
3.3 Probabilistic System Planning 153
3.4 Probabilistic Reliability Assessment 154
4 Probabilistic Methods Applied in a Smart Grid 155
5 Summary 156
References 156
9 Planning and Operational Challenges in a Smart Grid 161
Abstract 161
1 Introduction 162
2 Planning and Operation of a Power System 163
2.1 Generation Planning 164
2.2 Power Transmission Planning 166
2.3 Power Distribution Planning 169
3 Load Forecasting 170
3.1 Loads 171
3.2 Load Forecasting, Types, and Techniques 171
3.3 Very Short-Term or Real Time Load Forecasting (RTLF) 173
4 Data in a Smart Grid 175
4.1 Data Clustering 176
4.1.1 Hierarchical Clustering 177
4.1.2 K-Means Clustering 177
5 Demand Side Management 179
6 Smart Grids, Infrastructure, Operation and Security Issues 180
7 Summary 182
References 183
10 Applied Research in Energy Storage 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 186
2 ESS Research Emphasis 188
2.1 Current System Integrated ESS Research 189
2.1.1 PHESS Integration with Water Supply Grids and Close Coupled with PV Arrays 189
2.1.2 ESS for Large PV Array Short Autonomy Periods 193
2.1.3 Distributed Small BESS 195
2.1.4 Germany’s Energiewende 200
2.2 Ongoing and Future of Integrated ESS Research 201
3 Conclusions 205
References 206