Nanomaterial Characterization (eBook)

Ratna Tantra is a Senior Scientist at National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK. She has been at NPL for 14 years and worked on numerous projects in the field of nanoscience. Her multidisciplinary background was useful, allowing an expansion of her research portfolio in the area of nanomaterial characterization in different scientific disciplines, for example, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and nanotoxicology. Before joining NPL, she was a research associate at Imperial College London, then University of Glasgow. She got her PhD in electrochemistry from University College London. She is a Chartered Scientist, Chartered Chemist, and member of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

List of Contributors

Editor's Preface

CHAPTER 1. Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Properties Unique to Nanomaterials

1.3 Terminology

1.4 Measurement of good practice

1.5 Typical Methods

1.6 Potential errors due to Chosen Methods

1.7 Summary

CHAPTER 2. Nanomaterial Synthesis

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Bottom-Up Approach

2.3 Synthesis: Top Down Approach

2.4 Bottom up and top-down: Lithography

2.5 Bottom up or top down? Case example: carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

2.6 Particle growth: theoretical considerations

2.7 Case Study: Microreactor for Synthesise of Gold Nanoparticles

2.8 Summary

CHAPTER 3. Reference Nanomaterials

3.1 Definition, development and application fields

3.2 Case studies

3.3 Summary

CHAPTER 4. Particle Number Size Distribution

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Measuring methods

4.3 Summary of capabilities of the counting techniques

4.4 Experimental Case Study

4.5 Summary

CHAPTER 5. Solubility Part 1: Overview

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Separation Methods

5.3 Quantification Methods: free ions (and labile fractions)

5.4 Quantification Methods to Measure Total Dissolved Species

5.5 Theoretical modelling using speciation software

5.6 Which Method?

5.7 Case study: Miniaturised capillary electrophoresis with conductivity detection to determine nanomaterial solubility

5.8 Summary

CHAPTER 6. Solubility Part 2: Colorimetry

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Materials and Method

6.3 Results and Interpretation

6.4 Conclusion

CHAPTER 7. Surface Area

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Measurement Methods: Overview

7.3 Case Study: Evaluating Powder Homogeneity using NMR vs. BET

7.4 Summary

CHAPTER 8. Surface Chemistry

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Measurement Challenges

8.3 Analytical Techniques

8.4 Case Studies

8.5 Summary

CHAPTER 9. Mechanical, Tribological Properties and Surface Characteristics of Nanotextured Surfaces

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fabricating Nano-textured Surfaces

9.3 Mechanical property characterization

9.4 Case study: Nanoscratch tests to characterize mechanical stability of PS/PMMA surfaces

9.5 Case study: Structural Integrity of multi-walled CNT forest

9.6 Case study: Mechanical Characterization of plasma-treated polylactic acid (PLA) for packaging applications

9.7 Conclusions

CHAPTER 10. Methods for Testing Dustiness

10.1 Introduction

10.2 CEN test methods (under consideration)

10.3 Case Studies: Application of Dustiness Data

10.4 Summary

CHAPTER 11. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy for Nanofunctionality Characterization

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Extreme Field STM: A brief history

11.3 STM/STS for the Extraction of Surface Local Density of States (LDOS): Theoretical Background

11.4 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) at Low Temperatures: Background

11.5 STM Instrumentation at Extreme Conditions: Specification Requirements and Design

11.6 STM/STS imaging under extreme environments: a review on applications

11.7 Summary and Future Outlook

CHAPTER 12. Biological characterization of nanomaterials

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Measurement methods

12.3 Experimental Case Study

12.4 Summary

CHAPTER 13. Visualisation of Multidimensional Data for Nanomaterial Characterisation

13.1. Introduction

13.2 Case Study: Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis of Nanoparticle Toxicity

13.3. Summary

"For those actively involved in the nanosafety and other relevant research fields involving nanomaterials, as well as those new to the field, this book represents an excellent reference point and source of knowledge." (Andy Booth 2016)