Modern Piezoelectric Energy-Harvesting Materials (eBook)

Preface 7
Acknowledgements 10
Contents 12
About the Authors 15
1 The Piezoelectric Medium and Its Characteristics 18
1.1 Piezoelectric Coefficients 19
1.2 Electromechanical Coupling at Various Oscillation Modes 23
1.2.1 Energy Conversion 23
1.2.2 Examples of Electromechanical Coupling Factors 24
1.3 Figures of Merit 25
1.4 Hydrostatic Parameters Concerned with Electromechanical Coupling 27
1.5 Effective Electromechanical Properties in Heterogeneous Piezoelectric Media 27
1.5.1 Relaxor-Ferroelectric Domain-Engineered Single Crystals 27
1.5.2 Poled Ferroelectric Ceramics 29
1.5.3 Piezo-Active Composites 32
1.6 Conclusion 35
References 36
2 Electromechanical Coupling Factors and Their Anisotropy in Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials 40
2.1 Piezoelectric Single Crystals 40
2.2 Ferroelectric Single Crystals 42
2.2.1 Single-Domain States 42
2.2.2 Polydomain States 43
2.3 Domain-Engineered Relaxor-Ferroelectric Single Crystals with High Piezoelectric Activity 45
2.4 Poled Ferroelectric Ceramics 47
2.5 Two-Component Composites Based on Ferroelectrics 48
2.5.1 Ceramic/Polymer 48
2.5.2 Single Crystal/Polymer 52
2.5.3 Single Crystal/Ceramic 57
2.6 Porous Composite Materials 62
2.6.1 Porous Composites Based on Ferroelectric Ceramics 62
2.6.2 Porous Composites Based on Relaxor-Ferroelectric Single Crystals 66
2.7 Conclusion 70
References 72
3 Figures of Merit of Modern Piezo-Active Ceramics and Composites 75
3.1 Poled Ferroelectric Ceramics 75
3.2 2–2 Composites 77
3.2.1 Ceramic/Polymer Composites 77
3.2.2 Single Crystal/Polymer Composites 82
3.3 1–3 Composites 91
3.3.1 Ceramic/Polymer Composites 92
3.3.2 Single Crystal/Polymer Composites 94
3.4 0–3 Composites 99
3.5 New Effects and Improved Figures of Merit in 1–3-Type Composites Based on Relaxor-Ferroelectric Single Crystals 102
3.5.1 New Orientation Effect 102
3.5.2 New Aspect-Ratio Effect 107
3.6 Three Figures of Merit for Transmitter-Receiver or Pulse-Echo Systems 114
3.7 Related Parameters 116
3.8 Conclusion 123
References 126
4 Piezoelectric Mechanical Energy Harvesters and Related Materials 129
4.1 Examples of Energy-Harvesting Systems 129
4.1.1 Energy-Harvesting Materials and Systems: General Characteristics 130
4.1.2 Resonant and Non-resonant Performance 135
4.1.3 Linear and Non-linear Performance 136
4.2 Physical Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting 139
4.2.1 High-Temperature Harvesting 139
4.2.2 Compliant Piezoelectrics 141
4.3 Optimisation for Piezo-Based Harvesting 142
4.4 Conclusion 147
References 148
5 Conclusions 155
5.1 From Materials to Applications 155
References 157
Appendix A: List of Abbreviations 158
Appendix B: Electromechanical Constants of Components 159
Appendix C: Performance of Poled Ferroelectric Ceramics 161
Index 164