Recent Developments in Building Diagnosis Techniques (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 7
1 Practical Experiences from Several Moisture Performance Assessments 9
Abstract 9
1 Introduction 9
2 Literature Review 10
2.1 Moisture Performance Assessment in Finland 10
2.2 Initiation of Moisture and Mould Damage 11
2.3 Extent of Moisture and Mould Damage in Buildings 12
2.4 Definition of Moisture and Mould Damage 13
3 Research Materials and Methods 16
3.1 Research Material 16
3.2 Research Method 17
3.3 Scope of the Study 18
4 Results 19
4.1 Length of Moisture Performance Assessment Process 19
4.2 Detection Methods 20
5 Discussion 23
5.1 Length of Moisture Performance Assessment Process 23
5.2 Moisture and Mould Damage Detection Methods 24
6 Conclusions 25
References 26
2 Analysis of Main Parameters that Affect Contact Area Between Mortar Rendering and Substrate: Use of 3D Laser Scanning Technique 29
Abstract 29
1 Introduction 30
2 Methodology 31
2.1 Mortars Production 32
2.2 Mortars Characterization 32
2.3 Mortars Application 32
2.4 Substrates Selection 33
3 Results 34
3.1 Mortar Characterization 34
3.2 Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning 37
4 Conclusions 41
Acknowledgments 42
References 42
3 The Pathologies of the ETICS 44
Abstract 44
1 Grounds for a Research 45
2 The ETICS Are Responses to Different Performance Requirements 46
3 Research Methodology: A Comprehensive Examination of European Valid ETA, Focused on Comparison with Italian Valid ETA 51
4 Conclusions 55
References 56
4 Criteria for Identification of Ceramic Detachments in Building Facades with Infrared Thermography 57
Abstract 57
1 Introduction 58
2 Thermography in Detection of Defects in Facades 59
3 Thermography Inspection Variables and Conditions 61
3.1 Thermographic Inspection Variables 61
3.2 Conditions for the Thermographic Inspection 62
4 Thermographic Analysis for Identifying Detachments 63
5 Laboratory Study 66
5.1 Laboratory Experiment 66
5.2 Results of the Laboratory Studies 67
6 Field Study 70
7 Conclusions 72
References 73
5 Diagnosis of Moisture Movements in Massive Dolostone Walls of Medieval Churches 75
Abstract 75
1 Introduction 76
2 Method 79
2.1 Method for Moisture Measurement and Presentation of Results 79
2.1.1 Theory 79
2.1.2 Instruments 80
2.1.3 Presentations of the Measurements 80
2.2 Buildings Under the Survey---Medieval Churches in Estonian Islands 81
3 Results of Measurement 84
3.1 Detecting Moisture Sources 84
3.2 Long Period Moisture Changes in Walls of Kihelkonna Church 87
3.3 Seasonal Changes 90
3.4 Influence of Tent (Awning) 92
3.5 Three-Dimensional (3D) Measurements 93
4 Conclusions 94
Acknowledgments 95
References 95
6 The Wind-Driven Rain and the Buildings: Directional Driving Rain, Experimental Simulation and Quantification of Wetness Areas 97
Abstract 97
1 Introduction 98
2 Methodologies 99
3 Results 102
4 Conclusions 107
References 108
7 A Performance Assessment of Prefabricated Bathrooms Installed in the 1990s 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction 110
1.1 What Is Project Renovation? 112
2 Construction Principles for Bathrooms 113
2.1 Requirements for Bathrooms in the 1990s 114
2.2 Requirements for Bathrooms in 2015 115
3 Types of Bathrooms Installed During Project Renovation 116
3.1 Lightweight In Situ 117
3.2 Lightweight Assembly Kit 118
3.3 Lightweight Whole Cabins 121
3.4 Heavyweight Assembly Kit 122
3.5 Heavyweight Whole Cabins 123
4 Systematic Field Investigation 124
5 Lesson Learned from Inspection After Approx. 20 Years of Use 126
5.1 Cracks and Holes 127
5.2 Mould Growth 127
5.3 Service Shafts 129
6 Conclusion 130
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
8 Good Practice: Analysis of the Vulnerability of Seven Churches in Monza. From an Information Model to a Geodatabase 132
Abstract 132
1 The Project as a Method 132
2 The Architectures 133
3 The First Data Collection 137
4 The Deeper Investigation 138
4.1 The Specific Case of the Church of San Maurizio 142
5 Conclusions 146
5.1 Databases for a Free Fruition 146
5.2 What Is the Next Step 148
References 148
9 On the Use of Infrared Thermographic Measurements for Evaluating the Airtightness of the Building Envelope 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Thermography in Building Pathology 150
2.1 General Principles of Infrared Thermography 150
2.2 General Boundary Conditions for an Optimal Visibility of Building Pathologies with Thermography 153
3 Thermography in Airtightness Surveys 156
3.1 The Change in Surface Temperature 156
3.2 State of the Art 157
4 Design of Experiment: Ideal Pressure and Temperature Difference 158
4.1 Characteristics of the Model 158
4.2 Pressure Difference 159
4.3 Temperature Difference 160
5 Influencing Factors of the Surface Temperature Change Rate 161
5.1 Impact of the Geometry and Joint Assembly: Simulation Models 161
5.1.1 Assumptions in the Simulation Models 161
5.1.2 Impact of Thermal Bridges in the Joint Assembly 163
5.1.3 Impact of Width of the Air Leak, Assuming a Fixed Infiltration Flow 164
5.2 Impact of the Location: Laboratory Measurements 164
5.2.1 Test House Set-up 164
5.2.2 Experimental Results 166
5.2.3 Analysis of Laboratory Measurements 167
5.3 Impact of Wind and Large Air Leakages in Reality: In Situ Measurements 168
5.3.1 Case 1: Effect of Wind During the Survey 169
5.3.2 Case 2: Large Versus Small Air Leakage Spots 169
6 Conclusions 171
Acknowledgments 172
References 172
10 Evaluation of Moisture Transfer to Improve the Conservation of Tiles Finishing Facades 174
Abstract 174
1 Introduction 175
2 Planning Conservation Works in Humid Environment 175
3 Case Study 176
3.1 Città Studi, Sustainable Campus Monitoring the Klinker Facades
3.2 Description of Building 12 and Diagnostics of the State of Conservation 179
4 Moisture and Protective Treatments 180
4.1 Moisture Transport Mechanisms and Damages 180
4.2 Consolidation and Protective Treatments 181
4.2.1 Siloxane Treatments 181
4.3 Treated Mortars Properties for the Protection of Humid Walls 182
5 Experimental Setup, Tests for the Characterization of Water Transport Phenomena, and Radiation Properties of Treated/Untreated Samples 183
5.1 Hygroscopic Absorption 183
5.2 Water Absorption by Capillarity 184
5.3 Water Absorption by Partial Immersion 185
5.4 Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Properties 187
5.5 Determination of Long-Term Water Absorption by Immersion 188
5.6 Color Test 188
5.7 Solar Reflectance 189
6 Heat and Moisture Transfer 191
6.1 Material Properties and Boundary Conditions 192
6.2 Simulation Modeling 193
7 Conclusions 195
References 196
11 Analysis of Microclimate in a Historical Building to Assess the Probability of Recurrence of Filamentous Fungi 198
Abstract 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Biological Growth and Decay Mechanisms in the Materials of Buildings 201
2.1 Bioreceptivity and Construction Materials 202
2.2 Filamentous Fungi and the Influence Factors for Its Development 203
3 Monitoring 205
3.1 Selection of Environments 205
3.2 Arrangement of Sensors 205
4 Results and Discussion 207
5 Conclusions 215
References 215