Ferromagnetic Microwire Composites (eBook)

Dr. Faxiang Qin Dr. Faxiang Qin is currently a research professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Zhejiang University, China. He also serves as the associate director of the Institute for Composites Science Innovation there. He was a JSPS fellow at National Institute for Materials Science, Japan from 2013-2015. Prior to that, he was a post-doctoral researcher in Advanced Composite Centre for Innovation and Science at the University of Bristol and Lab-STICC at Université de Bretagne Occidentale from 2010 to 2013. He received the MSc in nano-materials from the South China University of Technology in 2007 and Ph.D in multifunctional composites from the University of Bristol in 2010. He was a recipient of the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme (ORSAS) and the University of Bristol Postgraduate Student Scholarship. He was nominated for the Exceptional Thesis Prize and selected as one of the two candidates at Bristol for UK Royal Academy Engineering Fellowship. He was also an awardee of Zhejiang Province Thousand Talents Senior Fellowship in China, Discovery Early Career Researcher Award in Australia, Finistère Postdoctoral Fellowship in France, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship. His research interest lies in magnetic materials, nanomaterials, multifunctional composites and applied physics. His work has been documented in more than 60 international refereed journal papers published in prestigious journals in materials and physics.Dr. Manh-Huong PhanDr. Manh-Huong Phan is an Associate Professor of Physics at the University of South Florida, USA. He received B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Physics from Vietnam National University in 2000, Chungbuk National University in 2003, and Bristol University in 2006, respectively.  Dr. Phan’s research interests lie in the physics and applications of magnetic materials. He is a leading expert in the area of functional magnetic materials and nanostructures with magnetocaloric and magnetoimpedance effects for energy-efficient magnetic refrigeration and smart sensor technologies. He has co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed journal papers (h-index: 30), 4 review papers, and 5 book chapters. He serves as an Associate Editor of the Journal of Electronic Materials (ISI journal, Impact factor: 1.8) and is an active reviewer for more than 90 major international journals, with “Outstanding Referee” awards from the Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials in 2013 and 2015. He has delivered plenary and invited talks at professional meetings on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2007-present) and involved in organizing international conferences on Nanomaterials, Energy and Nanotechnology (2011-present). Prof. Hua-Xin Peng Prof. Hua-Xin Peng joined Zhejiang University as a Distinguished Professor of Aerospace Materials in 2014 under the Global Talent Recruitment Plan from the University of Bristol, UK where he was a full Professor in the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) in the Department of Aerospace Engineering. He gained his PhD (1996) and MSc (1993) in composite materials in Harbin Institute of Technology and BEng (1990) in Zhejiang University.  He was the founding Deputy Director of the Bristol Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information and worked as a Research Fellow in the Materials Department at Oxford University (2001-2) and Brunel University (1998-2000).  His research activities focus on nanomaterial through engineering to applications and innovative design of composite microstructures for multi-functionalities. The latter involves the development of ferromagnetic microwire (meta-) composites for a range of ingenious engineering applications such as structural health monitoring and microwave absorption.  Prof. Peng is the founding Director of the Institute for Composites Science Innovation (InCSI) at Zhejiang University and one of the founding Editors of the Elsevier journal Composites Communications (COCO).

Foreword 6
Preface 8
Contents 10
About the Authors 15
1 Introduction 17
1.1 Giant Magnetoimpedance Sensors Using Magnetic Microwires 17
1.2 Multifunctional Microwire-Based Composites 19
References 22
2 Fabrication of Ferromagnetic Wires 25
2.1 Melt Spinning 25
2.2 In-rotating Water Spinning 26
2.3 Taylor-Wire Process 27
2.4 Glass-Coated Melt Spinning 27
2.5 Electrodeposition 29
2.6 Melt Extraction 31
2.7 Comparison of the Fabrication Technologies 32
2.8 Techniques of Glass-Covering Removal 33
2.9 Concluding Remarks 33
References 34
3 Domain Structure and Properties of GMI Materials 37
3.1 Domain Structure 37
3.2 Magnetic Properties 43
3.2.1 Hysteresis Loops 43
3.2.2 Permeability 45
3.2.3 Magnetisation Processes 46
3.3 Mechanical Properties 47
3.4 Electrical Properties 49
3.5 Chemical Properties 50
References 51
4 Giant Magnetoimpedance: Concept, Theoretical Models, and Related Phenomena 54
4.1 Eddy Currents and Skin Effect 54
4.2 Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) Effect 57
4.3 Impedance of a Magnetic Conductor 58
4.4 Theoretical Models 61
4.4.1 Quasi-Static Model 61
4.4.2 Eddy Current Model 62
4.4.3 Domain Model 63
4.4.4 Electromagnetic Model: Relationship Between GMI and FMR 64
4.4.5 Exchange-Conductivity Effect and Related Model 65
4.4.6 Other Models 67
4.5 Concluding Remarks 68
References 68
5 Influence of Measurement Parameters on Giant Magnetoimpedance 71
5.1 Alternating Current Amplitude 71
5.2 Magnetic Field 72
5.3 Measurement Frequency 73
5.4 Measurement Temperature 75
5.5 Concluding Remarks 77
References 77
6 Influence of Processing Parameters on GMI 79
6.1 Effect of Glass Coating on GMI 79
6.1.1 Amorphous Wires 79
6.1.2 Nanocrystalline Wires 81
6.2 Effect of Sample Geometry on GMI 81
6.2.1 Sample Length 81
6.2.2 Sample Thickness 82
6.2.3 Sample Surface 83
6.2.4 Sample Axes 84
6.3 Effect of Annealing on GMI 85
6.3.1 Conventional Annealing 85
6.3.2 Field Annealing 86
6.3.3 Current Annealing 86
6.3.3.1 Joule Heating 86
6.3.3.2 Alternating Current Annealing 87
6.3.4 Conventional Stress Annealing 87
6.3.5 Simultaneous Stress and Magnetic Field Annealing 88
6.3.6 Simultaneous Stress and Current Annealing 89
6.3.7 Laser Annealing 89
6.4 Effect of Applied Stress on GMI 90
6.5 Effect of Neutron Irradiation on GMI 91
6.6 Effect of Hydrogen Charging on GMI 92
6.7 Effect of pH Value on GMI 92
6.8 Effect of Magnetostriction on GMI 92
6.9 After-Effect of GMI 93
6.10 Effect of LC Resonance Circuit on GMI 94
References 95
7 Selection of GMI Wires for Sensor Applications 101
7.1 Criteria for Selecting GMI Materials 101
7.2 Evaluation of GMI Wires 102
7.2.1 Co-Based Wires 102
7.2.2 Fe-Based Wires 103
7.2.3 Electrodeposited Wires 104
7.2.4 Multilayer Wires 105
7.3 Nominated GMI Materials for Sensor Applications 107
References 109
8 Giant Magnetoimpedance Sensors and Their Applications 113
8.1 Types of Giant Magnetoimpedance-Based Sensors 113
8.1.1 Magnetic Field Sensors 113
8.1.2 Passive, Wireless Magnetic Field Sensors 114
8.1.3 Current Sensors 115
8.1.4 Stress Sensors 116
8.1.5 RF and Energy Sensors 117
8.1.6 Temperature Sensors 118
8.2 Applications of Giant Magnetoimpedance-Based Sensors 119
8.2.1 Target Detection and Control of Industrial Processes 119
8.2.2 Space Research and Aerospace Applications 121
8.2.3 Electronic Compasses 122
8.2.4 High-Density Information Storage 122
8.2.5 Traffic Control 123
8.2.6 Magnetic Tracking Systems 123
8.2.7 Magnetic Rotary Encoders 124
8.2.8 Non-destructive Crack Detection 125
8.2.9 Biological Detection 125
8.2.10 Magnetic Anomaly Detection and Geomagnetic Measurements 128
8.2.11 Stress-Sensing Applications 128
8.2.12 Other Applications 128
References 129
9 Multifunctional Microwire Composites: Concept, Design and Fabrication 132
9.1 Concept of Multifunctional Composites 132
9.2 Design and Preparation of Microwire Composites 133
9.2.1 General Design Strategy 133
9.2.2 Microwires--Epoxy 135
9.2.3 Microwires--Elastomers 135
9.2.4 Microwire E-glass Prepregs 137
References 139
10 Basic Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Microwire Composites 141
10.1 Magnetic Properties of Composites 141
10.2 Giant Magnetoimpedance Effect 143
10.3 Giant Stress Impedance Effect 145
10.4 Mechanical Properties 149
References 152
11 Microwave Tunable Properties of Microwire Composites 155
11.1 Basic Theory of Field and Stress Tunable Properties 155
11.1.1 Effective Permittivity 155
11.1.2 Impedance Tensor 157
11.1.3 Stress and Field Dependence of Impedance and Permittivity 158
11.2 Measurement Techniques 161
11.2.1 Free-Space Measurement System 161
11.2.2 Microwave Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy 163
11.3 Low-Field Tunable Properties 165
11.3.1 Field Effect on the Impedance of Single Wire 165
11.3.2 Continuous-Wire Composites 165
11.3.2.1 Influence of Wire Periodicity 166
11.3.2.2 Influence of Wire Diameter 169
11.3.2.3 Influence of Wire Composition 171
11.3.3 Short-Wire Composites 173
11.4 High Field Tunable Properties 176
11.4.1 High Field Dependence of Permittivity 176
11.4.2 Crossover Phenomenon 180
11.4.3 Double-Peak Phenomenon 186
11.5 Stress Tunable Properties 192
11.5.1 Stress Sensing Based on Microwires 193
11.5.2 Stress Tunable Properties of Composites 195
11.5.2.1 Stress Tunable Properties of Composites in Free Space 195
11.5.2.2 Stress Influence of Electromagnetic Properties Measured by Spectroscopy 199
11.6 Temperature Tunable Properties 205
References 206
12 Microwave Absorption Behaviour 213
12.1 Microwave Absorption Theory 214
12.2 Dielectric Loss Dominated Absorption 219
12.3 Magnetic Loss Dominated Absorbing 225
12.4 Other Absorbers Based on Microwires 228
References 229
13 Microwire-Based Metacomposites 233
13.1 Brief Introduction to Metamaterial 233
13.1.1 Fundamentals of Metamaterials 233
13.1.2 Classification of and Approaches to Metamaterials 234
13.1.3 Applications of Metamaterials 236
13.2 Metacomposite Characteristics 238
References 252