Measuring Biological Impacts of Nanomaterials (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 10
Characterization of Nanoparticles Under Physiological Conditions 11
1 Nanoparticles: Definition 12
2 Nanoparticles: Stability and Interactions 13
3 Nanoparticles Under Physiological Conditions 15
3.1 Relevant Media 15
3.2 Effect of Physiological Salt Concentrations on Colloidal Properties 16
3.3 The Nanomaterial Protein Corona 16
4 Characterization Methods 18
4.1 Scattering and Correlation Methods 19
4.1.1 Light Scattering 19
4.1.2 Zeta Potential Measurements 21
4.1.3 X-Ray and Neutron Scattering 23
4.1.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy 23
4.1.5 Particle Tracking Velocimetry 24
4.2 Microscopy-Based Methods 25
4.2.1 Electron Microscopy 25
4.2.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 25
4.3 Analytical Methods Based on Hydrodynamic Separation 27
4.3.1 Field-Flow Fractionation 27
4.3.2 Flow Field-Flow Fractionation 27
4.3.3 AF-FFF of Biomolecules 28
4.3.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography 29
4.3.5 Gel Electrophoresis 30
4.3.6 Analytical Ultracentrifugation 32
4.4 Comparison of Characterization Methods 32
References 33
Probing the Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles: Experimental Pitfalls and Artifacts 40
1 Introduction 41
2 Validity of Cell Viability Assays 42
3 Effects of Nanoparticle Labeling Processes on Cells 48
4 Conclusion 51
References 52
Monitoring the Impact of Nanomaterials on Animal Cells by Impedance Analysis: A Noninvasive, Label-Free, and Multimodal Approa... 54
1 Cell-Based Assays in Bioanalysis: Relevance, Requirements, and Restrictions 55
2 Cells as Sensors 57
3 Label-Free Versus Label-Based Assay Strategies 59
3.1 Label-Based Analysis of Cell-Based Assays 59
3.2 Label-Free Analysis of Cell-Based Assays 65
3.3 Comparison of the Different Assay Strategies 70
4 Basics and Concepts of Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) 72
4.1 Basic Concept of the Measurement 72
4.2 Impedance-Based Cell Monitoring: A Multimodal Platform Technology with Broad Applicability 78
4.2.1 Kinetics of Cell Spreading 79
4.2.2 Cell Proliferation 81
4.2.3 Cytotoxicity (Apoptosis, Necrosis) 82
4.2.4 Cell Motility (Micromotion) 82
4.2.5 Time-Resolved Response Profiles 83
4.2.6 Monitoring Epithelial and Endothelial Barrier Function 83
4.2.7 Cell Migration/Wound Healing 84
4.2.8 In Situ Electroporation 85
4.3 Modeling the Impedance of Cell-Covered Electrodes 86
5 Measuring the Biological Impact of Nanomaterials by Impedance Analysis: A Multimodal Approach 90
5.1 Nanoparticle Impact on Cell Adhesion 91
5.2 Nanoparticle Impact on Cell Proliferation 93
5.3 Time-Resolved Response Profiles: Cytotoxicity 96
5.4 Nanoparticle Impact on Cell Migration 102
5.5 Nanoparticle Impact on Cell Motility (Micromotion) 105
6 Conclusion and Outlook 110
References 112
Interaction of Nanoparticles with Lipid Monolayers and Lung Surfactant Films 118
1 Introduction 119
2 Interaction of Hydrophobic Nanoparticles with Lipid Monolayers 120
3 The Pulmonary Surfactant Film at the Air-Alveolar Interface 130
4 Deposition of Nanomaterials Along the Pulmonary Route and Their Interaction with the Pulmonary Surfactant Film 133
5 Impact of Nanoparticles on the Adsorption of Surfactant to the Air-Water Interface and Surface Activity of the Film 134
References 139
Carbon Nanodots: Synthesis, Characterization, and Bioanalytical Applications 143
1 Introduction 144
2 Synthesis and Particle Preparation 147
2.1 Top-Down Preparation of CDs 148
2.2 Bottom-Up Preparation of CDs 149
3 Luminescence Properties 153
3.1 Photoluminescence 153
3.2 Electrochemiluminescence 156
3.3 Upconversion Photoluminescence 157
4 CDs as Tools in Bioanalytics 158
4.1 Cytotoxicity 158
4.2 In Vivo Biocompatibility 161
4.3 Live-Cell Imaging 165
4.4 In Vivo Imaging 174
5 Summary 177
References 178
Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 184
1 Introduction 185
2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 186
2.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 186
2.2 Liposomes 188
3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 190
3.1 Iron Oxide 190
3.2 Quantum Dots 193
3.3 Upconverting Nanoparticles 196
4 Dendrimers 198
5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 200
5.1 Natural Polymers 201
5.1.1 Natural Cationic Polymers 201
Chitosan 202
Cationic Dextran 203
5.1.2 Anionic Natural Polymers 204
5.2 Synthetic Polymers 204
5.2.1 Thermoresponsive Polymers 205
5.2.2 pH-Responsive Polymers 206
5.2.3 Photoresponsive Polymers 208
6 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 209
References 212
Index 218