Biotechnological strategies for the conservation of medicinal and ornamental climbers (eBook)

1: Climbers: Evolution and Diversification in Angiosperm1.1    Introduction1.2    Climbing habitat1.3    Climbing and attachment mechanisms1.4    Types of climber1.5    General taxonomy of climbing plants1.6    Some general properties of climbing plants1.7    Role of climbers in ecosystem1.8    Climber’s evolution1.9    How long ago were climbing plants common in forested ecosystems? 2: Biodiversity Conservation with Special Reference to Medicinal Climbers: Present Scenario, Challenges, Strategies and Policies2.1 Biodiversity: Natural Capital of The Earth2.2 Types of Biodiversity (Diversity Indices)2.3 Levels of Biodiversity2.4 The Mega Diversity Regions 2.5 Hotspots of Biodiversity2.6 Loss of Biodiversity2.7 Threats to Biodiversity: Causes2.8 IUCN Threat Categories2.9 IUCN Threat Criteria2.10 Market Scenario for Medicinal Plant2.11 Loss of Biodiversity and Challenges2.12 Climbing Phytodiversity in India2.13 List of Climbers (Medicinal and Ornamental)  Facing Threat2.14 Global Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation2.15 Strategies Used for Biodiversity Conservation2.16 Policies for Biodiversity Conservation3: Medicinal Importance of Climbers Used In Unani System of Medicine3.1   Introduction3.2   Ghonghchi3.3   Zaravand Taweel3.4   Zaravand Modahraj3.5   Satavar3.6   Asfanakh3.7   Habb-ul-Qiliqil3.8   Malkangani3.9   Hadjod3.10 Hirankhur3.11 ftimun Vilayati3.12 Baobarang/Barang Kabuli3.13 Gurmaar Booti3.14 Ushba Hindi3.15 Turbud3.16 Bandaal3.17 Karela3.18 Konch3.19 Paan3.20 Kabab Chini/Kababah3.21 Filfil Seyah3.22 Gilo3.23 Maweez4: Climber Plants: Medicinal Importance and Conservation Strategies4.1  Introduction4.2  History4.3  Habitat and Distribution4.4  Medicinal Application and Drug Discovery4.5  Threats4.6  Conservation Strategies4.7  Role of Biotechnology on Their Conservation4.8  Some Selected Climbing Plant Families4.9  Conclusion5: Plant Tissue Culture: Profile of Pioneers5.1  Introduction5.2  History of Plant Tissue Culture5.3  Profile of Pioneers 6: Mircopropagation: A Boon for Conservation of Valuable Vines and Lianas6.1    Introduction6.2    Basic Plant Tissue Culture Techniques6.3    Steps of Culturing Plant Tissue6.4    Development of Nutrient Media6.5    Advantages of Micropropagation Over Conventional Cultivation6.6    Drawbacks of Plant Tissue Culture6.7    Micropropagation Protocols For Some Threatened And Endangered Medicinal Lianas6.8    Future Prospects 7: Somatic Embryogenesis: A Valuable Strategy for Phyto-Climbing Diversity Conservation7.1    Introduction7.2    Terminology7.3    Zygotic embryogenesis versus somatic embryogenesis7.4    Different phases of somatic embryogenesis7.5    Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis7.6    Important genes related to somatic embryogenesis7.7    Applications of somatic embryogenesis7.8    Limitations of somatic embryogenesis7.9    Types of somatic embryogenesis7.10  Somatic embryogenesis in medicinal climbers7.11  Future prospects8: Biotechnological Perspectives towards Improvement of Decalepishamiltonii, Potential Applications of Its tubers And Bioactive Compounds of Nutraceuticals for Value Addition8.1     Introduction8.2     Ethnobotanical information8.3     Production8.4     Phytoconstituents of tubers8.5     Biotechnological intervention for mass multiplication8.6     Germination studies8.7     In vitro propagation methods8.8     In vitro production of flavour metabolite 2H4MB8.9     Augmentation of flavour metabolite in tubers8.10   Applications of tubers8.11   Other applications8.12   Insecticidal activity8.13   Antimicrobial activity8.14   Medicinal applications 8.15   Bioactivity studies in cell cultures and experimental animals8.16   Future prospects9: Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill: Medicinal Uses, Propagation and Replenishment9.1  Introduction: Vernacular Names, Habitat, Habit, Taxonomy9.2  Chemical Constituents9.3  Medicinal Properties9.4  Plant Tissue Culture Studies10: In Vitro Strategies for the Conservation of Some Medicinal and Horticultural Climbers10.1      Introduction10.1.1   Cardiospermumhalicacabum Linn10.1.2   BenincasahispidaCogn.10.1.3. TylophoraindicaBurm. f. Merrill.10.1.4   SarcostemmabrevistigmaWight.10.1.5   CycleapeltataLam.10.1.6   Caesalpiniabonduc (L.)Roxb.10.1.7   Clitoriaternatea L.10.1.8   HemidesmusindicusL. R. Br.10.1.9   Momordicacharantia L.10.1.10 EmbeliaribesBurm F.11: Advancement in Encapsulation Techniques for Conservation of Climbers11.1 Introduction11.2 Advantages of Synthetic Seed Technology11.3 Encapsulation Procedure11.4 Studies Conducted So Far for Synthetic Seed Production of Woody Climbers11.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects12: Secondary Metabolite Enhancement in Medicinal Climbers through the Intervention of Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors12.1  Introduction12.2  Classification of elicitors12.3  Mechanism of Elicitation: the biochemical pathway12.4  Elicitors: Effect and Outcome in Enhanced Alkaloid Production    13: Basic Principles behind Genetic Transformation in Plants13.1 Introduction13.2 Methods of Genetic Transformation13.3 Gene Expression in Transgenic Plants13.4 Engineering Plants for Useful Agronomic Traits13.5 Future Implications of Plant Transformation13.6 Conclusion14: Genetic Transformation for Quality Improvement of Ornamental Climbers14.1 Introduction14.2 Type Study14.3 Future Prospects14.3 Conclusion 15: Advances in Molecular Approaches for the Integrative Genetic Transformation of Highly Important Climbers15.1      Introduction15.2      Future Prospects and Conclusion16: Molecular Markers and their Applications in Plant Biotechnology16.1      Molecular Markers: An Introduction16.2      Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) 16.3      Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers (RAPD)16.4      Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)16.5      Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)16.6      Minisatellites, Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) 16.7      Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR)16.8      Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)16.9      Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS)16.11    Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)16.12    Sequence-Specific Amplified Polymorphism (S-SAP)16.13    DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF)16.14    Arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR)16.15    Interretrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) and Retrotransposon- Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism (REMAP)16.16  Retrotransposon-Based Insertional Polymorphism (RBIP)16.17  Applications of Molecular Markers In Plant Genome Analysis  and Breeding16.18  Conclusions16.19  Future Prospects17: Use of Molecular Markers in Medicinal Climber17.1  Introduction 17.2  Application of Molecular Markers in Genetic Studies of Some Important Medicinal Climbers 17.3  Conclusions17.4  Future prospects18: Selective Protocols for In Vitro Propagation of Threatened Medicinal Climbers18.1 Introduction18.2 Climber18.3 Importance of Ornamental Plants18.4 Plant Tissue Culture18.5 Advancement in Production of Secondary Metabolites via Plant Tissue Culture18.6 Conclusions        19: In Vitro Protocols for Ornamental Climbers19.1 Introduction19.2 Type Studies19.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 20: Contribution of Biotechnology in the Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Selected Medicinal Climbers20.1 Introduction 20.2 Biotechnological Tools20.3 Medicinal Climbers and Use of Biotechnological Tools20.4 Future Prospects for Improvement of Important Bioactive Molecules of Medicinal Climbers20.6 Conclusions