Hybrid Electric Vehicles (eBook)

Simona Onori received her Laurea Degree, summa cum laude, (CSE) in 2003, her M.S. (ECE) in 2004, her Ph.D. (Control Engineering) in 2007, from University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA, and University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, respectively. She has been Assistant Professor at Clemson University Automotive Engineering since August 2013 where she also holds a joint apportionment with the Electrical and Computer Engineering. She held visiting professor positions at University of Trento, Italy (2014) and Polytechnic of Orleans, France (2016), and she was invited lecturer at Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, (2015). Prior to joining the Clemson University faculty, Dr. Onori was a research scientist at the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. Her background is in control system theory and her current research interests are in ground vehicle propulsion systems, including electric and hybrid-electric drivetrains, energy storage systems, and after treatment systems. She is chair of the IEEE CSS Technical Committee of Automotive Control, and vice-chair of IFAC Technical Committee of Automotive Control. She is the recipient of the 2016 Energy Leadership Award in the category Emerging Leader (for the Carolinas), the 2015 Innovision Award (South Carolina), 2012 Lumley Interdisciplinary Research Award by OSU College of Engineering and the TechColumbus 2011 Outstanding Technology Team. Giorgio Rizzoni is the Ford Motor Company Chair in ElectroMechanical Systems and a Professor of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering at The Ohio State University. He received his BS, MS and PhD (all in Electrical and Computer Engineering) in 1980, 1982 and 1986 respectively, all from the University of Michigan. Since 1999, he has been the Director of the Ohio State University Center for Automotive Research (CAR), an interdisciplinary university research centre in the College of Engineering. His research interests are in future ground vehicle propulsion systems, including advanced engines, electric and hybrid-electric drivetrains, advanced batteries and fuel cell systems. He is a Fellow of SAE (2005), a Fellow of IEEE (2004), a recipient of the 1991 National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award, and of several other technical and teaching awards. Lorenzo Serrao is a lecturer and researcher at IFP Energies nouvelles (Rueil-Malmaison, France), where he works on modeling and control of hybrid electric vehicles. He received his MS in Mechanical Engineering from Politecnico di Torino (Italy) in 2003 and his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the Ohio State University (OSU) in 2009 with a dissertation on control strategies for HEVs. During his studies at OSU, he was affiliated with the Center for Automotive Research (CAR). His research interests include energy management of electric and hybrid vehicles, powertrain modelling and simulation, vehicle dynamics and modelling of battery aging. The experience of the authors in the area modeling and control  of hybrid electric vehicles  is demonstrated by a rich body of literature delivered over a decade of research in this field.

Preface 7
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 9
Symbols 12
1 Introduction 15
1.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 15
1.2 HEV Architectures 16
1.3 Energy Analysis of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 18
1.4 Book Structure 19
References 20
2 HEV Modeling 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Modeling for Energy Analysis 21
2.3 Vehicle-Level Energy Analysis 22
2.3.1 Equations of Motion 22
2.3.2 Forward and Backward Modeling Approaches 24
2.3.3 Vehicle Energy Balance 27
2.3.4 Driving Cycles 29
2.4 Powertrain Components 32
2.4.1 Internal Combustion Engine 32
2.4.2 Torque Converter 33
2.4.3 Gear Ratios and Mechanical Gearbox 34
2.4.4 Planetary Gear Sets 36
2.4.5 Wheels, Brakes, and Tires 37
2.4.6 Electric Machines 39
2.4.7 Batteries 39
2.4.8 Engine Accessories and Auxiliary Loads 43
References 44
3 The Energy Management Problem in HEVs 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 45
3.3 Classification of Energy Management Strategies 47
3.4 The Optimal Control Problem in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 48
3.4.1 Problem Formulation 49
3.4.2 General Problem Formulation 51
References 53
4 Dynamic Programming 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 General Formulation 55
4.3 Application of DP to the Energy Management Problem in HEVs 57
4.3.1 Implementation Example 60
References 63
5 Pontryagin's Minimum Principle 64
5.1 Introduction 64
5.2 Minimum Principle for Problems with Constraints on the State 65
5.2.1 On the System State Boundaries 66
5.2.2 Notes on the Minimum Principle 67
5.3 Pontryagin's Minimum Principle for the Energy Management Problem in HEVs 68
5.3.1 Power-Based PMP Formulation 71
5.4 Co-State ? and Cost-to-Go Function 73
References 76
6 Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy 77
6.1 Introduction 77
6.2 ECMS-Based Supervisory Control 77
6.3 Equivalence Between Pontryagin's Minimum Principle and ECMS 83
6.4 Correction of Fuel Consumption to Account for SOC Variation 84
6.5 Historical Note: One of the First Examples of ECMS Implementation 86
References 88
7 Adaptive Optimal Supervisory Control Methods 90
7.1 Introduction 90
7.2 Review of Adaptive Supervisory Control Methods 91
7.2.1 Adaptation Based on Driving Cycle Prediction 91
7.2.2 Adaptation Based on Driving Pattern Recognition 93
7.3 Adaptation Based on Feedback from SOC 93
7.3.1 Analysis and Comparison of A-PMP Methods 94
7.3.2 Calibration of Adaptive Strategies 95
References 98
8 Case Studies 99
8.1 Introduction 99
8.2 Parallel Architecture 99
8.2.1 Powertrain Model 99
8.2.2 Optimal Control Problem Solution 102
8.2.3 Model Implementation 105
8.2.4 Simulation Results 108
8.3 Power-Split Architecture 111
8.3.1 Powertrain Model 111
8.3.2 Optimal Control Problem Solution 115
8.3.3 Model Implementation 115
8.3.4 Simulation Results 116
References 119
Series Editors' Biographies 120