Emerging Infections 10

W. Michael Scheld, MD, is the Bayer-Gerald Mandell Professor of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Medicine, Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery, and Director of the Center for Global Health at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. Dr. Scheld's research includes the molecular pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial infections, anti-inflammatory mechanisms of adenosine receptor subtype agonists and antagonists, antimicrobial resistance, sepsis and septic shock, anthrax, and international health issues including HIV/AIDS in Africa. James M. Hughes, MD, is Professor of Medicine and Public Health with joint appointments in the School of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and the Rollins School of Public Health (Global Health) at Emory University and Co-Director of the Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center. Dr. Hughes' research includes emerging and reemerging infectious diseases; antimicrobial resistance; healthcare-associated infections; vectorborne and zoonotic diseases; foodborne and waterborne diseases; vaccine-preventable diseases; rapid detection of and response to infectious diseases and bioterrorism; and strategies for strengthening public health capacity at the local, national, and global levels.

Contributors ix


Foreword xv


Preface xvii


Acknowledgments xix


1 West Africa 2013: Re-examining Ebola 1


Daniel G. Bausch and Amanda Rojek


2 Preparing for Serious Communicable Diseases in the United States: What the Ebola Virus Epidemic Has Taught Us 39


Jay B. Varkey and Bruce S. Ribner


3 Ebola Virus Disease: Therapeutic and Potential Preventative Opportunities 53


Robert Fisher and Luciana Borio


4 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) 73


Sonja A. Rasmussen, Amelia K. Watson, and David L. Swerdlow


5 The Emergence of Enterovirus D-68 105


Kevin Messacar, Mark J. Abzug, and Samuel R. Dominguez


6 The Role of Punctuated Evolution in the Pathogenicity of Influenza Viruses 121


Jonathan A. McCullers


7 Measles in the United States since the Millennium: Perils and Progress in the Postelimination Era 131


Anne Schuchat, Amy Parker Fiebelkorn, and William Bellini


8 Chikungunya Virus: Current Perspectives on a Reemerging Virus 143


Clayton R. Morrison, Kenneth S. Plante, and Mark T. Heise


9 Zika Virus Disease 163


Werner Slenczka


10 West Nile Virus Infection 175


James J. Sejvar


11 Mobilization of Carbapenemase-Mediated Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae 201


Amy Mathers


12 Antimicrobial Resistance Expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Major Global Public Health Problem in the 21st Century 213


Magnus Unemo, Carlos del Rio, and William M. Shafer


13 Bordetella holmesii: Still Emerging and Elusive 20 Years On 239


Laure F. Pittet and Klara M. Posfay-Barbe


14 Cronobacter spp. 255


Brian P. Blackwood and Catherine J. Hunter


15 Clostridium difficile Infection 265


Jae Hyun Shin, Esteban Chaves-Olarte, and Cirle A. Warren


16 Emerging Tick-Borne Bacterial Pathogens 295


Tahar Kernif, Hamza Leulmi, Didier Raoult, and Philippe Parola


17 Bordetella pertussis 311


Delma J. Nieves and Ulrich Heininger


18 Invasive Infections with Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Sub-Saharan Africa 341


Barbara E. Mahon and Patricia I. Fields


19 Fungal Infections Associated with Contaminated Steroid Injections 359


Carol A. Kauffman and Anurag N. Malani


20 Emerging Fungal Infections in the Pacific Northwest: The Unrecognized Burden and Geographic Range of Cryptococcus gattii and Coccidioides immitis 375


Shawn R. Lockhart, Orion Z. McCotter, and Tom M. Chiller


21 The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases 385


Jonathan E. Kolby and Peter Daszak


22 Artemisinin-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malaria 409


Rick M. Fairhurst and Arjen M. Dondorp


Index 431