Reactive Oxygen Species

Franz-Josef Schmitt, PhD, is a researcher and group leader at Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin). Dr. Schmitt holds a series of scientific awards and has authored more than 80 research papers, two patents, one book chapter and 200 presentations that draw upon his research in photosynthesis, nanobiophotonics, environmental spectroscopy and didactics. He is a Coordinating Editor for the journal, Optofluidics, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, Guest Editor for the journal, NanoPhotoBioSciences, and he is has been heavily involved in academic affairs at TU Berlin in multiple departments and committees. Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, PhD, is the Head of the Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, in the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow. He is also the Chief Research Scientist at the Institute of Basic Biological Problems within RAS, a professor at Moscow State University, a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Head of Bionanotechnology Laboratory at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, and an Invited-Adjunct Professor in the Department of New Biology at the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science& Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea. He is Associate Editor of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Associate Editor of the journal, Photosynthesis Research, Section Editor of BBA Bioenergetics, Associate Editor of Functional Plant Biology, Associate Editor of Photosynthetica, and a member of the editorial boards of 15 other international journals. He has been the Guest Editor of more than 30 special issues in peer-reviewed journals, and he has authored or co-authored over 400 papers in various scholarly journals. He has also written eight books and holds six patents. He has been working as a visiting professor in over 30 countries and has presented oral presentations at more than 80 international and national conferences. He has also organized ten international conferences on photosynthesis. and about 40 technical presentations.

Abstract ix

Foreward 1 xi

Foreward 2 xiii

Preface xv

1 Multiscale Hierarchical Processes 1

1.1 Coupled Systems, Hierarchy and Emergence 2

1.2 Principles of Synergetics 12

1.3 Axiomatic Motivation of Rate Equations 15

1.4 Rate Equations in Photosynthesis 19

1.5 Top down and Bottom up Signaling 23

2 Photophysics, Photobiology and Photosynthesis 27

2.1 Light Induced State Dynamics 27

2.2 Rate Equations and Excited State Dynamics in Coupled Systems 41

2.3 Light-Harvesting, Energy and Charge Transfer and Primary Processes of Photosynthesis 64

2.4 Antenna Complexes in Photosynthetic Systems 70

2.5 Fluorescence Emission as a Tool for Monitoring PS II Function 91

2.6 Excitation Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer Steps in Cyanobacteria Modeled with Rate Equations 93

2.7 Excitation Energy and Electron Transfer in Higher Plants Modeled with Rate Equations 105

2.8 Nonphotochemical Quenching in Plants and Cyanobacteria 114

2.9 Hierarchical Architecture of Plants 118

3 Formation and Functional Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 123

3.1 Generation, Decay and Deleterious Action of ROS 125

3.2 Monitoring of ROS 137

3.3 Signaling Role of ROS 151

4 ROS Signaling in Coupled Nonlinear Systems 157

4.1 Signaling by Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Cyanobacteria 158

4.2 Signaling by Singlet Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide in Eukaryotic Cells and Plants 163

4.3 ROS and Cell Redox Control and Interaction with the Nuclear Gene Expression 167

4.4 ROS as Top down and Bottom up Messengers 174

4.5 Second Messengers and Signaling Molecules in H2O2 Signaling Chains and (Nonlinear) Networking 191

4.6 ROS-Waves and Prey-Predator Models 192

4.7 Open Questions on ROS Coupling in Nonlinear Systems 196

5 Th e Role of ROS in Evolution 199

5.1 Th e Big Bang of the Ecosphere 200

5.2 Complicated Patterns Result from Simple Rules but Only the Useful Patterns are Stable 201

5.3 Genetic Diversity and Selection Pressure as Driving Forces for Evolution 205

6 Outlook: Control and Feedback in Hierarchical Systems in Society, Politics and Economics 209

Bibliography 213

Appendix 249

Index 259