Two Dimensional & M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner

Contents Section 1 The Basics Introduction 3 Some Helpful Hints 3 Applications 4 Cardiac Anatomy 5 Orientation of the Heart in the Thorax 6 Section 2 Obtaining the Image and Subjective Assessment Right Parasternal Long Axis Left Ventricular Outflow View 10 Technique in the Dog 10 Modifications in Technique for the Cat 12 Subjective Assessment of the Left Ventricular Outflow View in the Dog 13 Subjective Assessment of the Left Ventricular Outflow View in the Cat 14 Right Parasternal Long Axis Four Chamber View 15 Technique in the Dog and Cat 15 Subjective Assessment of the Four Chamber View in the Dog and Cat 17 Right Parasternal Transverse Views 18 Technique in the Dog and Cat 18 Subjective Assessment of the Transverse Views in the Dog and Cat 23 Left Parasternal Cranial Left Ventricular Outflow View 26 Technique in the Dog and Cat 26 Subjective Assessment of the Left Parasternal Cranial Left Ventricular Outflow View 27 Left Parasternal Right Atrium and Auricle View 28 Technique in the Dog and Cat 28 Subjective Assessment of the Left Parasternal Right Atrium and the Auricle View 29 Left Parasternal Pulmonary Artery View 30 Technique in the Dog and Cat 30 Subjective Assessment of the Left Parasternal Pulmonary Artery View 31 Left Parasternal Cranial Transverse Heart Base View 32 Technique in the Dog and Cat 32 Subjective Assessment of the Left Parasternal Cranial Transverse Heart Base View 33 Left Parasternal Apical Four Chamber View 34 Technique in the Dog 34 Technique in the Cat 35 Subjective Assessment of the Left Parasternal Apical Four Chamber View 36 Left Parasternal Apical Five Chamber View 36 Technique in the Dog and Cat 36 Subjective Assessment of the Left Parasternal Apical Five Chamber View 38 Section 3 M-Mode Echocardiography: A Quantitative Assessment Principles of M-Mode Echocardiography 40 M-Mode of the Left Ventricle 40 Cursor Placement 40 Measurements 42 M-Mode of the Aorta and Left Atrium 43 Cursor Placement 43 Measurements 44 M-Mode of the Mitral Valve 45 Cursor Placement 45 Measurement 46 Assessment of M-Mode Measurements 47 Diastolic Measurements 47 Systolic Measurements 48 Types of Enlargement 48 Assessment of Left Ventricular Function 49 Fractional Shortening 49 Section 4 Echocardiographic Reference Values Echocardiographic Reference Values for Parameters in the Cat 56 Echocardiographic Reference Values for Parameters Unrelated to Body Size in the Dog 57 Echocardiographic Reference Values for Parameters Related to Body Size in the Dog 58 Section 5 Common Acquired Heart Disease Mitral Valve Disease 68 Endocarditis 70 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 71 Dilated Cardiomyopathy 74 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 76 Pericardial Effusion 78 Hemangiosarcoma 80 Aortic Body Tumors 82 Section 6 Common Congenital Heart Diseases Patent Ductus Arteriosus 86 Subaortic Stenosis 88 Pulmonic Stenosis 91 Ventricular Septal Defect 94 Tricuspid Dysplasia 96 Abbreviations 99 Recommended Readings 107