Remote Sensing Advances for Earth System Science (eBook)

Preface 6
The Changing Earth Science Network Projects 2011--2013 6
ESA EO Science Strategy and the Support to Science Element (STSE) 6
The Changing Earth Science Network 9
Acknowledgments 11
Contents 12
1 CHIMTEA---Chemical Impact of Thunderstorms on Earth's Atmosphere 13
Abstract 13
1 Introduction 14
1.1 Lightning in the Upper Atmosphere 14
1.2 Chemistry of Thunderstorms and Transient Luminous Events 15
2 Instruments and Data 15
3 TLE-Producing Thunderstorms 16
4 Measuring TLE- and Lightning-NOx from Space 19
4.1 Thunderstorm Signatures in MIPAS2D NO2 20
5 Climate-Chemistry Sensitivity to TLE-NOx 22
6 Conclusions and Future Lines 24
Acknowledgements 25
References 25
2 TIBAGS: Tropospheric Iodine Monoxide and Its Coupling to Biospheric and Atmospheric Variables---a Global Satellite Study 27
Abstract 27
1 Background Information 27
2 The Satellite Sensor 29
3 Data Analysis 29
4 Considerations on the Air Mass Factor 30
5 Detection Limit and Averaging 31
6 Observations Above Antarctica 32
6.1 Spatial and Temporal Variations of IO Vertical Columns 32
6.2 Comparison of IO and BrO Distributions 34
6.3 Relation of the Halogen Oxides to Sea Ice Cover 37
7 Relations Between IO and Biospheric Parameters 38
7.1 Comparison Between IO and Chlorophyll-a Above Antarctica 39
7.2 Comparison Between IO and Chlorophyll-a Above Ocean Areas 40
7.3 Comparison Between IO, Chlorophyll-a and Diatoms for Southeast Asia 42
8 Summary 43
Acknowledgments 44
References 44
3 GreenSAR---Greenland and Antarctic Grounding Lines from SAR Data 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Retreat of the Grounding Line of the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctic Ice Sheet 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Methods 49
2.3 Results 52
2.4 Discussion 54
3 Grounding Line Retreat of Petermann Gletscher, Greenland Ice Sheet 56
4 Conclusions 58
Acknowledgments 59
References 59
4 Sea Surface Roughness Manifestations Around Ocean Fronts 62
Abstract 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Wave--Current Interactions and Surface Roughness 64
2.1 Surface Waves in Currents 64
2.2 Relaxation Time 65
2.3 Changes of Mean Square Slope 66
3 Current Refraction 66
3.1 Canonical Current Gradients 66
3.2 Centered Current Gradients 67
4 First Approximation: Without Propagation 68
4.1 Wind Wave Spectral Symmetry 68
4.2 Divergence, Strain, and Polarization Index 68
5 One-Dimensional Cases 69
5.1 Case 1: Acrossfront Current `divergence' 69
5.2 Case 2: Alongfront Current `shear' 71
5.2.1 Without Propagation 72
5.2.2 With Propagation 73
6 Generation of Short Waves by Wave Breaking 74
7 Observations 75
8 Discussion 78
8.1 Waves with Dominant Action Contrast 78
8.1.1 Response to Oscillatory Currents 78
8.1.2 Response to Isolated Current Front 79
8.2 Waves with Dominant mss Contrast 80
8.3 Relaxation and Current Gradient Length Scale 81
8.4 Numerical Illustration 81
9 Conclusion 82
Acknowledgments 83
References 83
5 The Impact of Near-Surface Salinity Structure on SMOS Retrievals 85
Abstract 85
1 Introduction 85
2 A Review of Upper Ocean Mixing Processes 86
2.1 Surface Waves 86
2.2 Internal Waves 87
2.3 Convective Mixing 88
3 Methodology 89
3.1 ASIP 89
3.2 SPURS Cruises 90
3.3 SMOS Data 91
4 Results and Discussion 91
4.1 ASIP Dataset from the Strasse Cruise 91
4.2 Comparison Between ASIP and SMOS Data 95
5 Summary and Future Work 97
Acknowledgements 98
References 98
6 SMASPARES--SMOS Data Assimilation for Parameter Estimation in Radiative Transfer Models 99
Abstract 99
1 Introduction 99
2 The Rur and Erft Catchments 100
3 SMOS L2 Accuracy in the Rur and Erft Catchments 101
4 Radiative Transfer Parameter Estimation in a 1D System 103
4.1 Experimental Design 104
4.2 Results of the 1D Experiment 105
5 Radiative Transfer Parameter Estimation in a 2D System 106
5.1 Model Set up and Numerical Experiment 107
5.2 Results of the 2D Experiment 110
6 Conclusion and Outlook 112
Acknowledgments 113
References 113
7 PROgRESSIon---Investigating the Prototyping of Operational Estimation of Energy Fluxes and Soil Moisture Content Using a Variant of the ``Triangle'' Inversion Methodology 116
Abstract 116
1 Introduction 117
2 Datasets and Study Sites 119
2.1 AATSR Satellite Data 119
2.2 Land Surface Process Model 120
2.3 Ancillary In-Situ Data 121
3 ``Triangle'' Implementation Using AATSR Products 121
4 Validation Approach 124
5 Results and Discussion 124
6 Conclusions 130
Acknowledgments 131
References 131
8 Crustal Modelling and Moho Estimation with GOCE Gravity Data 135
Abstract 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Inverse Gravimetric Problem 138
3 Local Solution 139
3.1 Local Inversion Algorithm 139
3.2 Numerical Results 143
4 Global Solution 144
4.1 Global Inversion Algorithm 145
4.2 Numerical Results 146
5 Conclusions 149
References 150