Handbook of Optical Systems – Volume 3 – Aberration Theory and Correction of Optical Systems

Herbert Gross studied physics at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, and joined Carl Zeiss in 1982, where has since been working in the department of optical design. His special areas of interest are the development of simulation methods, optical design software and algorithms, the modeling of laser systems and simulation of problems in physical optics, and the tolerance and the measurement of optical systems. Since 1995, he has been head of the central optical design department at Zeiss. In 1995, he received his PhD at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, on the modeling of laser beam propagation in the partial coherent region.

Preface. Introduction. 29 Aberrations. 29.1 Introduction. 29.2 Power Series Expansions. 29.3 Chromatic Aberrations. 29.4 Primary Aberrations. 29.5 Pupil Aberrations. 29.6 High-order Aberrations. 29.7 Zernike Polynomials. 29.8 Special Aberration Formulae. 29.9 Literature. 30 Image Quality Criteria. 30.1 Introduction. 30.2 Geometrical Aberrations. 30.3 Wave Aberrations. 30.4 Strehl Ratio. 30.5 Special Criteria. 30.6 Criteria for PSF and Intensity Distributions. 30.7 Point Resolution. 30.8 Depth of Focus. 30.9 MTF Criteria. 30.10 Edge Criteria. 30.11 Line Criteria. 30.12 Encircled Energy. 30.13 Special Criteria. 30.14 Distortion. 30.15 Color Aberrations. 30.16 Transmission and Illumination. 30.17 Field Dependence of the Quality. 30.18 Statistical Aberrations. 30.19 Special Aspects. 30.20 Literature. 31 Correction of Aberrations. 31.1 Strategies. 31.2 Monochromatic Aberrations. 31.3 Chromatic Aberrations. 31.4 Coexistence of Aberrations. 31.5 Literature. 32 Principles of Optimization. 32.1 Introduction. 32.2 Numerics of Optimization. 32.3 Constraints. 32.4 Local Solution Methods. 32.5 Global Optimization Methods. 32.6 Optimization of Optical Systems. 32.7 Starting Systems in Lens Design. 32.8 Controlling the Optimization Process. 32.9 Literature. 33 Optimization Process. 33.1 General Aspects. 33.2 Properties of Microscope Objective Lenses. 33.3 Development of a Monochromatic High NA Microscope Lens. 33.4 Literature. 34 Special Correction Features. 34.1 Aspherical Surfaces. 34.2 Gradient Index Media. 34.3 Systems with Diffractive Elements. 34.4 Non-axisymmetrical Systems. 34.5 Literature. 35 Tolerancing. 35.1 Introduction. 35.2 Tolerances for Optical Elements and Optical Systems. 35.3 Decenter and Tilt Tolerances. 35.4 Tolerance Costs. 35.5 Tolerances, Compensators and Adjustment. 35.6 Tolerance Distributions. 35.7 Practical Tolerancing. 35.8 Prism Tolerances. 35.9 Literature. A2 Optical Design Software OptaliX. A2.1 Introduction. A2.2 Program User Interface. A2.3 Configuration and System Data. A2.4 Surface Data. A2.5 Worked Examples. A2.6 Optical Design Import and Export. A2.7 OpTaliX-PRO Capabilities. A2.8 Obtaining OpTaliX-LT. Index.