Handbook of Optical Systems – Volume 1 – Fundamentals of Technical Optics

Herbert Gross was born in 1955. He studied Physics at the University of Stuttgart and joined Carl Zeiss in 1982 where he worked in the department of optical design. His special areas of interest are the development of simulation methods, optical design software and algorithms, the modelling of laser systems and the simulation of problems in physical optics, and the tolerancing and measurement of optical systems. Since 1995, he headed the central optical design department at Zeiss. Dr. Gross served as a lecturer at the University of Applied Sciences at Aalen, at the University of Lausanne, and the Technical University of Ilmenau, and gave seminars for the Photonics Net of Baden Wurttemberg as well as several internal company courses. In 1995, he received his PhD from the University of Stuttgart for a work on the modelling of laser beam propagation in the partial coherent region. Since 2012 he is a Professor for the theory of optical systems at Jena University, Germany.

Preface. 1 Introduction. 2 Paraxial Imaging. 2.1 General Remarks. 2.2 Single Surface. 2.3 Single Lens. 2.4 Multiple-component Systems. 2.5 Invariants. 2.6 Matrix Calculus. 2.7 Matrices Describing a More General Geometry. 2.8 Literature. 3 Interfaces. 3.1 Basics. 3.2 The Fresnel Equations. 3.3 Polarization Effects at Interfaces. 3.4 Evanescent Waves. 3.5 Non-geometrical Effects at Reflection. 3.6 Absorbing Media. 3.7 Literature. 4 Materials. 4.1 Basics. 4.2 Dispersion. 4.3 Relative Partial Dispersion. 4.4 Transmission. 4.5 Glasses. 4.6 Crystals and Special Materials. 4.7 Plastics. 4.8 Gases. 4.9 Liquids and Cements. 4.10 Metals. 4.11 Literature. 5 Raytracing. 5.1 The Meaning of Raytracing. 5.2 Raytracing Scheme. 5.3 Raytracing Formula Sets. 5.4 Raytracing in Optical Systems. 5.5 Special Components. 5.6 Differential Rays. 5.7 Non-sequential Raytracing. 5.8 Literature. 6 Radiometry. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Lambertian Radiator. 6.3 Radiation Transfer. 6.4 Radiometry of Optical Systems. 6.5 Description of Radiation Transport in the Phase Space. 6.6 Literature. 7 Light Sources. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Thermal Radiators. 7.3 Classical Lamps. 7.4 Diodes. 7.5 Laser Light Sources. 7.6 Model Descriptions of Radiation Sources. 7.7 Literature. 8 Sensor Technology and Signal Processing. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sensor Characteristics. 8.3 Special Types of Sensor. 8.4 Sampling. 8.5 Signal Processing. 8.6 Noise. 8.7 Special Methods of Detection. 8.8 Literature. 9 Theory of Color Vision. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Color Vision of the Human Eye. 9.3 Phenomenologcal Theory of Color Vision. 9.4 Colorimetry. 9.5 Color Triangle. 9.6 Alternative Basic Systems. 9.7 Literature. 10 Optical Systems. 10.1 Special Properties of Lenses. 10.2 Special Rays in Optical Systems. 10.3 Pupils. 10.4 Delano Diagram. 10.5 Special Aspects. 10.6 Literature. 11 Aberrations. 11.1 General Considerations. 11.2 Description of Aberrations. 11.3 Ray Aberrations. 11.4 The Sine Condition. 11.5 Wave Aberrations. 11.6 Spherical Aberration. 11.7 Astigmatism. 11.8 Field Curvature. 11.9 Coma. 11.10 Distortion. 11.11 Chromatic Longitudinal Aberrations. 11.12 Chromatic Transverse Aberrations. 11.13 Literature. 12 Wave Optics. 12.1 Basic Principles. 12.2 Point-spread Function. 12.3 Fourier Theory of Image Formation. 12.4 Transfer Functions. 12.5 Literature. 13 Plano-optical Components. 13.1 Plane-parallel plates. 13.2 Dispersion Prisms. 13.3 Reflection Prisms. 13.4 Construction Designs for Reflection Prisms. 13.5 Prism Systems. 13.6 Filters. 13.7 Literature. 14 Gratings. 14.1 Diffraction by a Slit. 14.2 Diffraction Gratings. 14.3 Blazed Gratings. 14.4 Fourier Theory of the Grating Diffraction. 14.5 Transmission Gratings. 14.6 Types of Grating. 14.7 Gratings in Image Formation Systems. 14.8 Diffraction by a Grating in the General Case. 14.9 Literature. 15 Special Components. 15.1 Aspherical Devices. 15.2 Gradient-index Lenses. 15.3 Diffusing Disks. 15.4 Cylinder Lenses. 15.5 Simple Cylinder Lenses. 15.6 Dynamic Light Modulators. 15.7 Fresnel Lenses. 15.8 Light Pipes. 15.9 Axicons. 15.10 Literature. 16 Optical Measurement and Testing Techniques. 16.1 Overview. 16.2 Measurement of the Focal Length. 16.3 Measurement of Angles. 16.4 Centering. 16.5 Measuring the Index of Refraction. 16.6 Surface-shape Measurement. 16.7 Testing of Surface Radii and Shapes. 16.8 Measuring Wavefronts. 16.9 Measurement of the Optical Transfer Function. 16.10 Beam-quality Measurement. 16.11 Coherence Measurement. 16.12 Polarization Measurement. 16.13 Stray-light Measurement. 16.14 Color Measurement. 16.15 Literature. Index.