Separation Process Principles

About the Authors


Preface to the Fourth Edition


Nomenclature


Dimensions and Units


Chapter 1 Separation Processes


1.0 Instructional Objectives


1.1 Industrial Chemical Processes


1.2 Basic Separation Techniques


1.3 O Separations by Phase Creation


1.4 O Separations by Phase Addition


1.5 O Separations by Barrier


1.6 O Separations by External Field or Gradient


1.7 Brief Comparison of Common Separation Operations


1.8 Separation Processes, Product Purity, Component Recovery, and Separation Sequences


Summary References Study Questions Exercises


Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Separation Operations


2.0 Instructional Objectives


2.1 Phase Equilibria


2.2 Ideal–Gas, Ideal–Liquid–Solution Model


2.3 O Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Properties


2.4 O Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models


2.5 O P–v–T Equation–of–State (EOS) Models


2.6 O Highly Nonideal Liquid Solutions


2.7 O Gibbs Excess Free Energy (gE) Models


2.8 O Predictive Models


2.9 O Electrolyte Solution Models


2.10 O Polymer Solution Models


2.11 Selecting an Appropriate Model


2.12 Exergy and Second–Law Analysis


Nomenclature Summary References Study Questions Exercises


Chapter 3 Mass Transfer and Diffusion


3.0 Instructional Objectives


3.1 Steady–State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion


3.2 Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities)


3.3 Steady– and Unsteady–State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media


3.4 Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow


3.5 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow


3.6 Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid–Fluid Interface


3.7 Two–Film Theory and Overall Mass–Transfer Coefficients


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 4 Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations


4.0 Instructional Objectives


4.1 Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom


4.2 Binary Vapor–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium


4.3 Equilibrium Two–Phase Flash Calculations


4.4 Ternary Liquid–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium


4.5 O Multicomponent Liquid–Liquid Systems


4.6 Liquid−Solid Systems


4.7 Gas–Liquid Systems


4.8 Gas–Solid Systems


4.9 Three–Phase Equilibrium Systems


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 5 Multistage Cascades and Hybrid Systems


5.0 Instructional Objectives


5.1 Cascade Configurations


5.2 Single–Section, Liquid–Liquid Extraction Cascades


5.3 Two–Section Distillation Cascades


5.4 O Membrane Cascades


5.5 O Hybrid Systems


5.6 Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 6 Absorption and Stripping


6.0 Instructional Objectives


6.1 O Equipment for Vapor–Liquid Separations


6.2 O General Design Considerations


6.3 Graphical Method for Trayed Towers


6.4 Kremser Group Method for Multicomponent Absorption and Stripping


6.5 Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns


6.6 Flooding, Column Diameter, and Tray Layout for Trayed Columns


6.7 Rate–Based Method for Packed Columns


6.8 Packed–Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass–Transfer Efficiency


6.9 Reactive (Chemical) Absorption


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 7 Distillation of Binary Mixtures


7.0 Instructional Objectives


7.1 O Equipment and Design Considerations


7.2 McCabe–Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers


7.3 O Extensions of the McCabe–Thiele Method


7.4 Estimation of Tray Efficiency for Distillation


7.5 Column and Reflux Drum Diameters


7.6 Rate–Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 8 Liquid–Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems


8.0 Instructional Objectives


8.1 O Equipment for Liquid–Liquid Extraction


8.2 O General Design Considerations


8.3 Hunter–Nash Graphical Equilibrium–Stage Method


8.4 O Theory and Scale–Up of Extractor Performance


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 9 Approximate Methods for Multicomponent, Multistage Separations


9.0 Instructional Objectives


9.1 Fenske–Underwood–Gilliland (FUG) Method


9.2 Using the Shortcut (FUG) method with Process Simulators


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 10 Equilibrium–Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction


10.0 Instructional Objectives


10.1 Simple Model for a Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Stage


10.2 Evolution of Methods for Solving the Mesh Equations


10.3 Strategies for Applying Process–Simulator Methods


10.4 Main Mathematical Procedures


10.5 Bubble–Point (BP) and Sum–Rates (SR) Methods


10.6 Simultaneous–Correction Method


10.7 Inside–Out Method


10.8 Rigorous Methods for Liquid–Liquid Extraction


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 11 Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction


11.0 Instructional Objectives


11.1 Use of Triangular Graphs


11.2 Extractive Distillation


11.3 Salt Distillation


11.4 Pressure–Swing Distillation


11.5 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation


11.6 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation


11.7 Reactive Distillation


11.8 Supercritical–Fluid Extraction


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 12 Rate–Based Models for Vapor–Liquid Separation Operations


12.0 Instructional Objectives


12.1 Rate–Based Model


12.2 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport–Rate Expressions


12.3 Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area 456


12.4 Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns


12.5 Method of Calculation


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 13 Batch Distillation


13.0 Instructional Objectives


13.1 Differential Distillation


13.2 Binary Batch Rectification


13.3 Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation


13.4 Effect of Liquid Holdup


13.5 Stage–by–Stage Methods for Batch Rectification


13.6 Intermediate–Cut Strategy


13.7 Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 14 Membrane Separations


14.0 Instructional Objectives


14.1 O Membrane Materials


14.2 O Membrane Modules


14.3 Mass Transfer in Membranes


14.4 Dialysis


14.5 O Electrodialysis


14.6 Reverse Osmosis


14.7 Gas Permeation


14.8 O Pervaporation


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises


Chapter 15 Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography


15.0 Instructional Objectives


15.1 Sorbents


15.2 Equilibrium Considerations


15.3 Kinetic and Transport Rate Considerations


15.4 O Equipment for Sorption Systems


15.5 Slurry and Fixed–Bed Adsorption Systems


15.6 Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems


15.7 O Ion–Exchange Cycle


15.8 Chromatographic Separations


Nomenclature


Summary


References


Study Questions


Exercises