Ecosystem Services – Concept, Methods and Case Studies (eBook)

Karsten Grunewald and Olaf Bastian have for many years been investigating the complex interactions between nature and society in central Europe, from a perspective of environmentally referenced landscape research and have developed theoretical fundamentals and practical approaches for the complex analysis and evaluation of landscape functions and ecosystem services. For this book, they have been able to recruit renowned authors from the areas of landscape ecology/landscape planning, economics and social sciences, who have provided a competent integrative and holistic perspective on the possibilities of the evaluation of nature with regard to human well-being.

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 10
Chapter-1 12
Ecosystem Services (ES): More than Just a Vogue Term? 12
References 20
Chapter-2 23
Development and Fundamentals of the ES-Approach 23
2.1Key Terms 24
2.2ES in Retrospect 29
2.3Values and Services of Nature for Humans 35
References 41
Chapter-3 45
Conceptual Framework 45
3.1Properties, Potentials and Services of Ecosystems 46
3.1.1The Cascade Model in the TEEB Study 46
3.1.2The EPPS Framework 46
3.1.3The Application of the EPPS Framework—The Example 'Mountain Meadow' 54
3.2Classification of ES 55
3.2.1Introduction 55
3.2.2Provisioning Services 56
3.2.3Regulation Services 56
3.2.4Sociocultural Services 56
3.2.5Additional Classification Aspects 59
3.3Space and Time Aspects of ES 63
3.3.1Fundamentals, Control Scheme 63
3.3.2Case Study: EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD) and ES 69
3.4Landscape Services 75
References 79
Chapter-4 84
Ascertainment and Assessment of ES 84
4.1Indicators and Quantification Approaches 85
4.1.1Introduction 85
4.1.2Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand Assessment at the Landscape Scale—the ‘Matrix’ 86
4.1.3Conclusions and Outlook 91
4.2Approaches to the Economic Valuation of Natural Assets 94
4.2.1Principles of Economic Valuation 94
4.2.2The Total Economic Value 99
4.2.3Valuation Methods and Techniques 100
4.2.4Conclusion 112
4.3Scenario-Development and Participative Methods 113
4.3.1Basics and Fields of Application 113
4.3.2Framework of Scenario Development 114
4.3.3Participation and the Case Study Görlitz 117
4.4Complex Analyses, Evaluation and Modelling of ES 119
4.4.1Background 119
4.4.2Energy Crop Production—A Complex Problem for Assessing ES 121
4.4.3Application of Models of InVEST to Assess Ecosystem Services 127
4.5Communicating ES 135
4.5.1The Importance of Communication 135
4.5.2‘Ecosystem Services’ as an Umbrella Term for Communicative Intent 136
4.5.3Government and the Market Instead of Communications? 137
4.5.4Communications Efforts as an Approach to the Shaping of Environmental Sciences 138
References 145
Chapter-5 153
Governing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Provision 153
5.1 Policy Mixes for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Service Management 154
5.1.1Why Using a Policy Mix? 154
5.1.2A Well-Equipped Tool-Box of Policy Instruments 155
5.1.3Assessing Instruments for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Service Management in Policy Mixes 156
5.2Selected Financial Mechanisms: Payments for Ecosystem Services and Ecological Fiscal Transfer 163
5.2.1Payments for Ecosystem Services 164
5.2.2 Ecological Fiscal Transfers 168
5.3Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services into Landscape Planning 173
5.3.1Linking Ecosystem Services with the Landscape Plan 174
5.3.2Implementation in Practice—Testing the Example of the Service ‘Erosion Protection’ 175
5.4Governance in Nature Conservation 180
5.4.1Governance and Protection of Biodiversity 180
5.4.2The Project GEM-CON-BIO 181
References 188
Chapter-6 193
Land Use, Maintenance and Protection to Ensure ES 193
6.1Concept for the Selection of Case Studies 195
6.2Assessment of Selected Services of Agro-Ecosystems 197
6.2.1Introduction 197
6.2.2Agri-Environmental Measures: The AEMBAC Methodology 197
6.2.3Agro-economic Evaluation of Landscape Plans 204
6.2.4Species-Rich Grassland Services 208
6.3Economic Benefit Valuation of the Influence of a Forest Conversion Programme on Ecosystem Services in the Northeastern Lowlands of Germany 216
6.3.1Introduction 216
6.3.2 Raw Wood Production 217
6.3.3 Carbon Sequestration 219
6.3.4 Scenic Beauty and Recreation Values 220
6.3.5 Synopsis and Discussion 221
6.4Urban Ecosystem Services: Leipzig as a Case Study 224
6.4.1Urban Ecosystem Services and Urban Land Use: A Complex Nexus 225
6.4.2An Example of Local Climate Regulation 226
6.4.3An Example of Flood Regulation 226
6.4.4An Example of Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Area–Reducing the Ecological Backpack of the City? 228
6.4.5An Example of the Recreational and Nature Experience 229
6.5Cultural Landscapes and their Ecosystem Services 232
6.5.1The Example of Orchard Meadows in the Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve 232
6.5.2Calculation of Landscape Management Measures and Costs 239
6.6Specific Nature Protection and Development Strategies 248
6.6.1Nature Conservation and Ecosystem Services 248
6.6.2Soil and Water Protection 266
6.6.3Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services–The Case of Wetland Restoration Along the German Elbe River 272
6.6.4Peatland Use in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany: Monetarization of the Ecosystem Service Climate Protection 281
6.7Systematisation of the Case Studies 288
References 291
Chapter-7 301
Recommendations and Outlook 301
7.1 Work Steps for the Analysis and Evaluation of ES 302
7.2 Future Challenges Regarding ES 307
References 312
Index 314