Industrial Biorefineries and White Biotechnology (eBook)

Rainer Hofer, Christian Larroche, Madhavan Nampoothiri, Ashok Pandey, Mohammad Taherzadeh (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2015 | 1. Auflage
730 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-444-63464-1 (ISBN)

Industrial Biorefineries and White Biotechnology provides a comprehensive look at the increasing focus on developing the processes and technologies needed for the conversion of biomass to liquid and gaseous fuels and chemicals, in particular, the development of low-cost technologies.

During the last 3-4 years, there have been scientific and technological developments in the area; this book represents the most updated information and technological perspective on the topic.

Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment processes and technologies for biomass
Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery
Provides information on integration of processes for the pretreatment of biomass
Designed as a textbook for both graduate students and researchers

Industrial Biorefineries and White Biotechnology provides a comprehensive look at the increasing focus on developing the processes and technologies needed for the conversion of biomass to liquid and gaseous fuels and chemicals, in particular, the development of low-cost technologies. During the last 3-4 years, there have been scientific and technological developments in the area; this book represents the most updated information and technological perspective on the topic. Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment processes and technologies for biomass Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery Provides information on integration of processes for the pretreatment of biomass Designed as a textbook for both graduate students and researchers

Chapter 1

Biorefinery Concepts in Comparison to Petrochemical Refineries

Ed de Jong1, and Gerfried Jungmeier2 1Avantium Chemicals, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability, Graz, Austria

Abstract

Biorefinery, the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy, is compared to petrochemical refineries. The economic value of biomass refining as well as a universal classification system will be discussed. Examples of conventional and advanced biorefineries including oleochemical, lignocellulosic feedstock, next generation hydrocarbon, and green biorefinery will be presented. Special emphasis is given to the comparison of biorefinery concepts with petrochemical refineries in relation to the different platform molecules currently used in petrochemical refineries. To better assess the different biorefinery concepts the Biorefinery Complexity Index will be introduced. The ambition of this index is to create a tool for industry, decision-makers, and investors to better judge potential and risks of the different biorefinery concepts on short, medium, and long term.

Keywords

Biochemicals; Biomass; Biorefinery; Biorefinery complexity index; Classification; Petrochemical

Contents

1. Introduction 3

2. The Definition for Biorefinery 5

3. The Economic Value of Biomass Using Biorefining 7

4. Classification of Biorefineries 9

5. Conventional Biorefineries 11

6. Advanced Biorefineries 12

7. Whole Crop Biorefinery 12

8. Oleochemical Biorefinery 13

9. Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery 13

10. Syngas Platform Biorefinery (Thermochemical Biorefinery) 14

11. Next Generation Hydrocarbon Biorefinery 14

12. Green Biorefinery 15

13. Marine Biorefinery 16

14. Chain Development 16

15. Biorefinery Concepts in Comparison to Petrochemical Refineries 17

16. Biorefinery Complexity Index 24

17. Discussion and Conclusions 27

References 30

1. Introduction

In recent years, substantial steps into the transition toward a biobased economy have been taken. Multiple drivers, some policy and geographically dependent, are steering an economy where material wastes are minimized, new bioproducts are replacing their fossil counterparts, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reduced; while economic perspectives are developed supported by innovative policies. The recent extreme volatilities in prices (fossil oil, biomass raw materials) and very fluctuating demand ask for robust systems to be competitive in the long run. An economy based on innovative and cost-efficient use of biomass for the production of both biobased products and bioenergy should be driven by well-developed integrated biorefining systems. This will result in large additional volumes of biomass required, possibly causing increasing food and commodity prices, and undesired competition with production of food, feed, wooden products, paper, and so on. It may also have profound environmental implications including loss of (boreal and rain) forests, biodiversity, soil productivity, and (fresh) water availability. Accordingly, reforestation programs, sustainable management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests in the long view cannot be limited to emerging economies such as Algeria (“barrage vert” in the Sahara) or Kenya (“Green Belt Movement” founded by Nobel Price Wangari Maathai) but need to be considered for deforested regions globally, including deforested regions in developed economies. Efficient and sustainable use of biomass resources, which is of paramount importance, can be enhanced by the use of biorefinery processes and their products, which will form the foundation of a future biobased economy. The ultimate goal should not just be to efficiently and sustainably make use of biomass for nonfood applications. It should also encompass increasing availability of biomass for nonfood applications by improved food chain efficiency in industrialized countries.

The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.1

International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy is an organization setup in 1978 by the IEA with the aim of improving cooperation and information exchange between countries that have national programs in bioenergy research, development, and deployment. The IEA was established in November, 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy program. It carries out a comprehensive program of energy cooperation among OECD member countries. Its aims include to promote: systems for coping with oil supply disruptions, rational energy policies, an oil market information system, improved energy supply and demand structures, and integrated environmental and energy policies. IEA Bioenergy’s vision is to achieve a substantial bioenergy contribution to future global energy demands by accelerating the production and use of environmentally sound, socially accepted, and cost-competitive bioenergy on a sustainable basis, thus providing increased security of supply while reducing GHG emissions from energy use (http://www.ieabioenergy.com/). For the period 2013–15 there are 10 Tasks operating under the IEA Bioenergy umbrella covering all major aspects of the bioenergy field. The relevance of biorefinery in a successful bioenergy research policy has been acknowledged by the establishment in 2007 of a specific IEA Bioenergy Task 42 on biorefineries, coproducing fuels, chemicals, power, and materials from biomass. The major objective of this Task is to assess the worldwide position and potential of the biorefinery concept, and to gather new insights that will indicate the possibilities for new competitive, sustainable, safe, and eco-efficient processing routes for the simultaneous manufacture of transportation biofuels, added-value chemicals, power and heat, and materials from biomass. This Task is covering an exciting field which can have a large impact both in environmental and technological innovation policies and practices. To open up the biorefinery-related potential, system and technology development is required. Research, development, and deployment (RD&D) programs can link industry, research institutes, universities, governmental bodies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), while market introduction strategies need to be developed.

Major outputs of Task 42 (http://www.iea-bioenergy.task42-biorefineries.com/en/ieabiorefinery.htm) include:

• Biorefinery definition and biorefinery classification system2

• Country reports describing and mapping current processing potential of existing biorefineries in the participating countries, and assessment of biorefinery-related RD&D programs to help national governments defining their national biorefinery policy goals and related programs.

• Bringing together key stakeholders (industry, policy, NGOs, research) normally operating in different market sectors (e.g., transportation fuels, chemicals, energy, etc.) in multidisciplinary partnerships to discuss common biorefinery-related topics, to foster necessary RD&D trajectories, and to accelerate the deployment of developed technologies.

• Brochures, reports and publications on specific areas such as on Biobased Chemicals “Bio-based Chemicals – Value Added Products from Biorefineries” 3,6, “Green Building Blocks for Biobased Plastics and Biofuel-driven biorefineries 4 and ”A Selection of the most Promising Biorefinery Concepts to produce Large Volumes of Road Transportation Biofuels by 2025”.5

• Development of a “Biorefinery Fact Sheet” to document and report facts and figures of biorefineries in a common and compact format, consisting of a brief description, the classification scheme, mass and energy balance as well as a whole value chain-based sustainability assessment in comparison to conventional systems.7

2. The Definition for Biorefinery

IEA Bioenergy Task 42 has developed the following definition for biorefinery as depicted in Figure 1.1:

Biorefinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy.

This means that biorefinery can be a facility, a process, a plant, or even a cluster of facilities. The IEA Bioenergy Task 42 has produced a brochure that gives an overview of the different kinds of biorefineries.7 The brochure illustrates at which scale (commercial, demonstration, or pilot) these biorefineries are currently operational.

A main driver for the establishment of biorefineries is the sustainability aspect. All biorefineries should be assessed for the entire value chain on their environmental, economic, and social sustainability covering the whole life cycle (construction—operation—dismantling). This assessment should also take into account the possible consequences due to the competition for food and biomass resources, the impact on water use and quality, changes in land-use, soil carbon stock balance and fertility, net balance of GHGs,...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	8.5.2015
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
	Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
	Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
ISBN-10	0-444-63464-9 / 0444634649
ISBN-13	978-0-444-63464-1 / 9780444634641

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