Front 
1 
Related titles 3
Membrane Reactors for Energy Applications and Basic Chemical ProductionWoodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 76Edite ... 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
List of contributors 14
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy 16
Preface 20
Part One - 
24 
1 - Water gas shift membrane reactors 26
1.1 Water gas shift in conventional reactors 26
1.2 Traditional water gas shift (WGS) process 30
1.3 Catalysts for the WGS reaction 32
1.4 Models for the kinetic interpretation of WGS 34
1.5 WGS regime in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis 35
1.6 Membrane reactor technology for the WGS reaction 39
1.7 Conclusion 47
References 47
1. Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms 52
2 - Membrane reactors for methane steam reforming (MSR) 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Methane steam reforming (MSR) kinetic 58
2.3 MSR and catalysts 59
2.4 MSRs and membrane reactors (MRs) 63
2.5 Conclusion and future trends 74
References 75
2. Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms 82
3 - Membrane reactors for autothermal reforming of methane, methanol, and ethanol 84
3.1 Introduction: hydrogen production 84
3.2 Methane and other sources for hydrogen 85
3.3 Conventional processes for autothermal reforming 90
3.3.1 Autothermal reforming of methane 91
3.4 The membrane reactor concepts: packed beds versus fluidized beds 96
3.5 Modeling aspects 101
3.6 Conclusions and future trends 114
References 115
3. Appendix: nomenclature 119
4 - Membrane reactors for dry reforming of methane 122
4.1 Introduction 122
4.2 Solid catalysts for methane dry reforming in traditional and membrane reactors 126
4.3 Membrane reactors: why to use them 133
4.4 Membrane reactors for methane dry reforming 140
4.5 Thermal request: a difficult challenge 157
4.6 Methane dry reforming: conclusion and remarks 158
References 159
4. Appendix: acronyms 167
5 - Membrane reactors for hydrogen production from coal 168
5.1 Introduction 168
5.2 Traditional reactors for hydrogen production from coal and the advantages of membrane reactors 172
5.3 Catalysts for coal gasification 179
5.4 Membrane reactors for hydrogen production from coal 182
5.5 Future trends 197
5.6 Sources of further information and advice 199
Acknowledgment 200
References 200
5. Appendix: list of symbols 209
6 - Membrane reactors for the conversion of methanol and ethanol to hydrogen 210
6.1 Introduction 210
6.2 Membrane reactors (MRs) 212
6.3 Ethanol reforming in membrane reactors 214
6.4 Methanol reforming in membrane reactors 220
6.5 Conclusion and future trends 225
References 226
7 - Membrane reactors for the decomposition of H2O, NOx and CO2 to produce hydrogen 232
7.1 Introduction 232
7.2 Membrane reactors for H2O decomposition 233
7.3 Membrane reactors for nitrous oxide decomposition 251
7.4 Membrane reactors for CO2 decomposition 257
7.5 The main challenges 262
7.6 Conclusion and future trends 262
References 263
7. Appendix: acronyms 270
8 - Membrane reactors for steam reforming of glycerol and acetic acid to produce hydrogen 272
8.1 Introduction 272
8.2 Membrane reactor technology 273
8.3 Glycerol steam reforming reaction for hydrogen production 276
8.4 Acetic acid steam reforming reaction for hydrogen production 281
8.5 Conclusion and future trends 285
References 286
8. Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms 289
9 - Membrane reactors for biohydrogen production and processing 290
9.1 Overview 290
9.2 Feedstock 292
9.3 Fermentative biohydrogen: microorganisms and enzymatic systems 296
9.4 Biohydrogen reactors 298
9.5 Conclusions and future trends 302
References 303
9. Appendix: list of acronyms 309
Part Two - 
310 
10 - Membrane reactors for biodiesel production and processing 312
10.1 Introduction 312
10.2 Conventional methods for biodiesel production 313
10.3 Catalysts used in conventional methods 316
10.4 Weak points of conventional methods in biodiesel production 319
10.5 Membrane technology as process intensification in biodiesel production 320
10.6 Membrane technology: production and separation of biodiesel 320
10.7 Merits and limitations of using membrane reactors in biodiesel production 326
10.8 Other considerations 326
10.9 Stability of biodiesel 328
10.10 Conclusion 329
References 329
10. Appendix: list of acronyms 335
11 - Membrane reactors for bioethanol production and processing 336
11.1 Introduction 336
11.2 Bioethanol from different feedstocks: environmental impact assessment 337
11.3 Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: physicochemical versus biological pretreatment 339
11.4 Recovery of side products during lignocellulose pretreatment 340
11.5 Bioethanol recovery from fermentation broths and process intensification 346
11.6 Dehydration of water/alcohol mixtures 353
11.7 Consolidation of unit processes 354
11.8 Summary and future outlook 356
Acknowledgment 358
References 358
11. Appendix: list of abbreviations 366
12 - Membrane reactors for biogas production and processing 368
12.1 Introduction 368
12.2 Basic principles of anaerobic digestion 368
12.3 Membrane bioreactor for biogas production 371
12.4 Membrane fouling 380
12.5 Progress in other applications for biogas production 383
12.6 Conclusions 384
References 384
12. Appendix: list of acronyms 388
13 - The use of membranes in oxygen and hydrogen separation in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants 390
13.1 Introduction 390
13.2 Coal gasification technology for power generation and hydrogen production 390
13.3 Integration of oxygen membranes in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants 403
13.4 Integration of hydrogen membranes in IGCC plants 405
13.5 Processes for treatment of CO2-rich streams from hydrogen separation membrane modules 416
13.6 Conclusions and future trends 417
References 417
13. Appendix: list of abbreviations 419
14 - Membrane reactors for the desulfurization of power plant gas emissions and transportation fuels 420
14.1 Introduction 420
14.2 Membrane reactors for the desulfurization of gases 433
14.3 Membrane reactors for the desulfurization of transportation fuels 445
14.4 Future trends 451
14.5 Conclusions 452
References 453
14. Appendix: list of symbols and subscripts 458
Chapter 15 - Electrocatalytic membrane reactors (eCMRs) for fuel cell and other applications 462
15.1 Introduction 462
15.2 Generic fuel cell electrocatalytic membrane reactor 463
15.3 Operating temperature versus overpotential in an electrocatalytic membrane reactor 466
15.4 The electrocatalytic membrane reactor modi operandi 469
15.5 The electrocatalytic membrane reactor performance characteristics 471
15.6 The electrocatalytic membrane reactor in the fuel cell mode: polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell 473
15.7 The electrocatalytic membrane reactor in the fuel cell mode: cogeneration of chemicals and electric power 475
15.8 The electrocatalytic membrane reactor in the electrolytic mode 485
15.9 The electrocatalytic membrane reactor in the ion-pumping mode: gas enrichment and compression 494
15.10 Future trends 501
15.11 Conclusions 504
References 504
15. Appendix: nomenclature, greek symbols, subscripts/superscripts and abbreviations 508
Part Three - 
512 
16 - Membrane reactors for the dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes 514
16.1 Introduction 514
16.2 Dehydrogenation of cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and the mixtures 516
16.3 Dehydrogenations in catalytic reforming of n-hexanes 524
16.4 Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene 532
16.5 Conclusion 538
References 539
16. Appendix: list of symbols and subscripts 541
17 - Membrane reactors for oxidative coupling of methane to produce syngas and other chemicals 542
17.1 Introduction 542
17.2 Oxygen-permeable membranes 542
17.3 Oxidative coupling of methane by using oxygen-permeable membranes 544
17.4 Membrane materials 544
17.5 Ceria-based oxygen-permeable membranes for oxidative coupling of methane 546
17.6 Development of tape-cast membranes 549
17.7 Fabrication of membrane-type partial oxidation reformer and its reforming properties 553
17.8 Exergy analysis of the membrane-type partial oxidation reformer 557
17.9 Conclusion 561
17.10 Future prospects 561
References 561
17. Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms 563
18 - Membrane reactors for ammonia production 566
18.1 Introduction: chemical principles and industrial applications 566
18.2 Traditional reactors and membrane reactors for ammonia production 566
18.3 Electrocatalytic membrane reactor for ammonia production 569
18.4 Catalysts for ammonia production 573
18.5 Materials for electrolyte membrane 579
18.6 Factors affecting the ammonia formation rate 582
18.7 Conclusions and future trends 583
References 583
18. Appendix: list of symbols, abbreviations and notations 586
19 - Pervaporation membrane reactors (PVMRs) for esterification 588
19.1 Introduction 588
19.2 Physicochemical properties of esters 588
19.3 Esterification reactions 589
19.4 Industrial relevance of esterification reactions 593
19.5 Reaction-separation coupled methodology 595
19.6 R2-type pervaporation reactors for esterification reaction 599
19.7 R1-type pervaporation membrane reactors (PVMRs) for esterification 616
19.8 Conclusions 617
19.9 Future trends 618
References 619
20 - Photocatalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds in membrane reactors 628
20.1 Introduction 628
20.2 Fundamentals of photocatalysis and photocatalytic membrane reactors 629
20.3 Studies on the photocatalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds 638
20.4 Photocatalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide in membrane reactors 648
20.5 Advances and limitations of photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) in the hydrogenation of organic compounds 650
20.6 Conclusion 652
20.7 Future trends 652
20.8 Sources of further information 652
References 653
20. Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms 661
21 - Butene oligomerization, phenol synthesis from benzene, butane partial oxidation, and other reactions carried out in me ... 664
21.1 Introduction 664
21.2 Butene oligomerization 664
21.3 Phenol synthesis from benzene 667
21.4 Butane partial oxidation 670
21.5 Cyclohexane dehydrogenation 672
21.6 Ethylbenzene dehydrogenation 674
21.7 Water splitting 677
21.8 Conclusion 679
References 680
21. Appendix: list of acronyms 683
Index 684