OpenStreetMap in GIScience (eBook)

Foreword 6
Contents 9
1 An Introduction to OpenStreetMap in Geographic Information Science: Experiences, Research, and Applications 12
Abstract 12
1 Introduction 13
2 A Short Overview of the OpenStreetMap Research Landscape 15
3 Geography of OpenStreetMap 18
4 Objectives and Scope 20
5 Structure of the Book 21
References 24
Part IData Management and Quality 27
2 Assessment of Logical Consistency in OpenStreetMap Based on the Spatial Similarity Concept 28
Abstract 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Logical Consistency for OSM 30
3 Proposed Framework 33
3.1 Directional Relationships 35
3.2 Topological Relationships 36
3.3 Metric Distance Relationships 37
3.4 Proposed Methodology 37
4 Implementation 41
5 Conclusion 43
References 44
3 Quality Assessment of the Contributed Land Use Information from OpenStreetMap Versus Authoritative Datasets 46
Abstract 46
1 Introduction 47
2 Materials and Data Processing 49
2.1 OSM Dataset 49
2.2 GMESUA Dataset as a Reference Dataset 50
2.3 Study Areas 50
3 Methods 50
3.1 Logical Consistency and Topology 54
3.2 Harmonization of the Datasets Nomenclatures 55
3.3 Completeness 56
3.4 Thematic Accuracy 57
4 Results 57
4.1 Sensitivity to Pixel Size 57
4.2 Degree of Data Completeness 58
4.3 Overall and Per-class Analysis of Thematic Accuracy 59
4.3.1 Frankfurt 59
4.3.2 Munich 59
4.3.3 Berlin 61
4.3.4 Hamburg 61
4.4 Spatial Distribution of Agreements and Disagreements 61
5 Discussions and Conclusions 62
6 Recommendations 64
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
4 Improving Volunteered Geographic Information Quality Using a Tag Recommender System: The Case of OpenStreetMap 68
Abstract 68
1 Introduction 69
2 Volunteered Geographic Information Quality 70
2.1 Data-Centric Approach 71
2.2 User-Centric Approach 72
2.3 Context-Centric Approach 72
3 Semantic Heterogeneity of OpenStreetMap Dataset 73
3.1 Sources of Semantic Heterogeneities 73
3.2 OpenStreetMap Tag Distribution 76
4 Improving VGI Dataset Quality Using Semantic Measurements and Folksonomy of Tags 77
4.1 Data Sources 77
4.2 User Interface and Prototype Functionalities 78
4.2.1 Automatic Suggestions of Tags 80
4.2.2 Notification of Unrelated Tags 81
5 Evaluations and Results 82
5.1 Experimental Setup 82
5.2 User Evaluation Results 83
6 Discussion and Conclusions 86
Acknowledgments 87
References 87
5 Inferring the Scale of OpenStreetMap Features 90
Abstract 90
1 Introduction 91
2 Scale and Level of Detail 92
3 Two Methods for the Automatic Inference of Scale 93
3.1 Scale Inference with a Multiple Criteria Decision Technique 94
3.1.1 Measuring Level of Detail 94
3.1.2 Combining Criteria to Infer a LoD Category 96
3.2 Empiric Scale Inference 97
4 Combining Both Methods to Improve Scale Inference 99
4.1 Compared Evaluation of Both Inference Methods 99
4.2 Mixing Both Inference Methods 101
5 LoD Harmonization for Large-Scale Automatic Mapping 102
6 Open Problems 103
6.1 Scale Inference for Point Objects 103
6.2 Does Feature Density Alter Scale Level? 105
6.3 The Scale of Objects with Simple Shapes 105
7 Conclusions 106
References 107
6 Data Retrieval for Small Spatial Regions in OpenStreetMap 109
Abstract 109
1 Introduction 109
2 Related Work 111
3 Challenges 111
3.1 Structure of OSM Data 112
3.2 General Query Concepts 113
3.3 Featured Usage Patterns 115
3.4 Hardware Constraints 116
4 Design Considerations 117
4.1 Initial Design 117
4.2 Adaptions 118
5 Evaluation 118
5.1 Performance on Essential Queries 118
5.1.1 Methodology 118
5.1.2 Different Area Sizes 119
5.1.3 Speedup of Filtering 122
5.1.4 Comparison to the Main API 126
5.2 Performance in the Field 128
5.2.1 Discussion and Conclusion 129
5.3 Future Improvements 129
References 130
Part IISocial Context 131
7 The Impact of Society on Volunteered Geographic Information: The Case of OpenStreetMap 132
Abstract 132
1 Introduction 132
2 OpenStreetMap London 134
2.1 Benchmarks 135
2.2 Metrics 135
3 Impact of Society on Information Completeness 136
3.1 A Non-uniform Completeness 137
3.2 Growth of Spatial Content Production 139
4 Impact of Social Mapping Parties 142
4.1 Direct Impact of Mapping Parties 144
4.2 Indirect Impact of Mapping Parties 145
5 Summary and Conclusion 147
References 147
8 Social and Political Dimensions of the OpenStreetMap Project: Towards a Critical Geographical Research Agenda 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Geoinformation, Cartographic (Re)presentation and Society 150
2.1 Critical Cartography I: The Social Construction of Maps 151
2.2 Critical Cartography II: Mapping as Socio-technical Practice 151
2.3 Social Science Perspectives on the Transformation of Geoinformation and Cartography in the Age of GIS and the Geoweb 152
3 OpenStreetMap: Opening and Democratizing Geoinformation and Cartography? 154
4 Mapping Modes: The Social and Political Dimensions of OpenStreetMap 155
4.1 Authorship: The Socio-cultural Embeddedness of OSM Practices 155
4.2 Algorithms and Other Blackboxes: Unpacking the Technical Infrastructure of OSM 158
4.3 Governance of OSM: Doocracy---Meritocracy---Technocracy---Bureaucracy 159
5 Methods: Analyzing OSM 160
5.1 Data-Driven Research on OSM 160
5.2 Ethnography and Auto-ethnography 161
5.3 The Need for Mixed Methods Approaches 162
6 Maps and Mosques: A Case Study on the Transformation of Techniques, Practices, and Conventions Within OSM 162
6.1 Concealed Mosques in State-Based Cartography 163
6.2 Newly Open but Fixed Practices in OSM 164
6.2.1 Data Structure and the Wiki 164
6.2.2 Rendering and Editing Software 165
6.2.3 Community Practices 166
6.2.4 New Openings and Fixations 168
7 Conclusions 169
References 169
9 Spatial Collaboration Networks of OpenStreetMap 173
Abstract 173
1 Introduction 173
2 Non-spatial and Spatial Forms of Collaboration 174
3 Spatial Collaboration Network Analysis 175
4 Measuring Collaboration Depth by Interlocking 178
5 Breadth and Depth of Collaboration in OSM 181
6 Conclusion and Outlook 190
References 190
Part IIINetwork Modeling and Routing 193
10 Route Choice Analysis of Urban Cycling Behaviors Using OpenStreetMap: Evidence from a British Urban Environment 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 195
2 Contextual Background 196
3 Methods 198
3.1 Study Area and Sample 198
3.2 OpenStreetMap 201
3.3 Variable and Route Generation for Route Choice Analysis 202
4 Analysis and Results 206
5 Discussion and Conclusion 210
Acknowledgments 213
References 213
11 The Next Generation of Navigational Services Using OpenStreetMap Data: The Integration of Augmented Reality and Graph Databases 216
Abstract 216
1 Introduction 217
2 Storage and Management of Highly Connected Data in SQL and NoSQL 218
3 SQL (Relational) Database and Managing Highly Connected Data 220
4 NoSQL Databases and Handling Highly Connected Data 221
5 What Is Special About Graph Databases? 222
6 Related Work and Benchmarks 223
7 Implementation 225
8 Augmented Reality Navigation Service Implementation 226
9 Conclusion and Future Work 231
Acknowledgments 231
References 232
12 Building a Multimodal Urban Network Model Using OpenStreetMap Data for the Analysis of Sustainable Accessibility 234
Abstract 234
1 Introduction 234
2 The Structure and Infrastructure of a Multimodal Urban Network Model 236
2.1 Data and Software Stack 236
2.2 Spatial Data Model 238
3 Creating the Private Transport System 238
3.1 Street Network Segment Classification and Correction 239
3.1.1 Street Network Segment Classification 239
3.1.2 Street Network Segment Correction 241
3.2 Street Intersection Node Classification 242
3.3 Pedestrian Areas Links Generation 242
4 Creating the Public Transport System 243
4.1 Public Transport Networks Preparation 244
4.1.1 The Rail, Metro and Tram Networks 245
4.1.2 The Bus Network 246
4.2 Public Transport Network Interfaces Generation 247
5 Creating the Land Use System 248
6 Results 249
6.1 Multimodal Network Model Analysis 250
6.2 Reflections on the Multimodal Network Model 252
7 Conclusions 254
Acknowledgments 254
References 254
Part IVLand Management and Urban Form 257
13 Assessing OpenStreetMap as an Open Property Map 258
Abstract 258
1 Setting the Scene 258
2 Assessing Spatial Data Quality 261
3 Assessment Methodology 263
3.1 Area of Study 263
3.2 Feature Matching 263
3.3 Quality of Feature Representations 264
3.4 Positional Uncertainty 265
3.5 Attribute Accuracy 265
4 Results of the Assessment 266
4.1 Data Completeness 266
4.2 Feature Vertex and Part Differences 266
4.3 Mean Vertex Spacing Differences 268
4.4 Feature Area Differences 268
4.5 Shape Similarity 269
4.6 Position Accuracy 270
4.7 Attribute Accuracy 271
5 Discussion of the Results 272
6 Conclusions and Future Research 273
References 274
14 Investigating the Potential of OpenStreetMap for Land Use/Land Cover Production: A Case Study for Continental Portugal 276
Abstract 276
1 Introduction 277
1.1 Land Use and Land Cover Production 277
1.2 Volunteered Geographic Information and OpenStreetMap 277
2 Volunteered Geographic Information and OpenStreetMap for Land Use/Land Cover Production 278
2.1 Volunteered Geographic Information for Land Use/Land Cover Production 279
2.2 OpenStreetMap for Land Use/Land Cover Production 280
3 Materials and Methods 284
3.1 Study Area and Data 284
3.2 Methods 285
4 Results and Discussion 285
4.1 Analysis of the OSM Dataset 285
4.2 Correspondence Between OSM Point Types and CLC Classes 286
4.3 Classification Accuracy Analysis 286
5 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 293
References 294
15 Using Crowd-Sourced Data to Quantify the Complex Urban Fabric---OpenStreetMap and the Urban--Rural Index 297
Abstract 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Materials and Methods 300
2.1 Study Sites 300
2.2 Methods 302
2.2.1 Datasets and Data Preparation 304
Remote Sensing Data 304
OpenStreetMap Data 305
2.2.2 Building Density Quantification Based on Satellite Imagery 306
2.2.3 Travel Time Calculation Based on OSM Data 308
3 Results and Discussion 309
4 Conclusions and Outlook 313
References 314
Part VOutlook 318
16 An Outlook for OpenStreetMap 319
1 Data Management and Quality 320
2 The Social Context 321
3 Network Modelling and Routing 322
4 Land Management and Urban Form 322
References 324