Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology -  Ghasem Najafpour

Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (eBook)

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2015 | 2. Auflage
669 Seiten
Elsevier Reference Monographs (Verlag)
978-0-444-63377-4 (ISBN)
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Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 2nd Edition, outlines the principles of biochemical processes and explains their use in the manufacturing of every day products. The author uses a diirect approach that should be very useful for students in following the concepts and practical applications. This book is unique in having many solved problems, case studies, examples and demonstrations of detailed experiments, with simple design equations and required calculations.


  • Covers major concepts of biochemical engineering and biotechnology
  • Accessible to chemical engineering students who need to learn and apply biological knowledge in engineering principals
  • Promotes self-teaching of chapters: it is easy to follow with many solved problem and case studies; it enables the reader to easily observe how the engineering concepts are applied in actual cases
  • Describes how to carry biological research in industrial fields
  • Includes solved problems, examples and demonstrations of detailed experiments with simple design equations and all required calculations
  • Offers many graphs that present actual experimental data, figures, and tables, along with explanations. This is a good book for both those interested in more advanced research in the field of biotechnology and an actual guide for beginners to demonstrate and establish research in this field


Author of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology is a distinguished professor in Chemical Engineering and Chairman of Biotechnology Research Center, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Iran. He is an educated scholar from University of Arkansas, USA with strong background in biological processes. He is deeply involved in research and teaching in biochemical engineering subjects and conducted many practical researches in biofuel and biochemical engineering.
He has served as academic member of University of Mazandran, Visiting Professor at University of Waterloo Canada and University of Arkansas, USA (1990-1991), Unversity Science Malaysia (USM) and Noshirvani University of Technology. He also spent his sabbatical leave at University of Arkansas, USA (1992-1993). He has expanded his scientific research activities on single cell protein (SCP), Microbial fuel cells, renewable energy and synthetic fuels. Since 2005, he was qualified and appointed as professor in Faculty of Chemical Engineering at Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Iran. He is serving as Editor in Chief of World Applied Sciences Journal, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. Also editor in Chief of Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment since 2006. In addition, he is editor of Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Academic Journals, since 2007. He is an active member of many international institutes, editor and reviewers of number of international journals and many scientific societies. Often he is invited to many international conferences as keynote speakers. In past decades, he has supervised more than 144 master and 24 Ph.D. students. He has published more than 330 research papers in international journals and has written 8 books in the field of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology. In year 2006, he has published his book with Elsevier entitled 'Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology'. He won number of awards for research achievements and winner of gold medal for the Invention/Innovation sponsored by Ministry of Science, Technology Malaysia, 2004. His researches for formulation of transparent soap and natural biodegradable liquid detergent from palm oil's fatty acids, was patented with SIRIM Berhad, Malaysia (2003). Currently, he is supervising number of PhD scholars and conducting top research projects on microbial fuel cells, biodiesel biohydrogen, biofuel from algae, bioethanol from agro-wastes, enzyme technology, renewable energy, heterogeneous catalytic processes, wastewater treatment and biological treatment processes.

Chapter 1

Industrial Microbiology


Abstract


In this chapter, application of industrial microbiology is discussed. The role of bioscience and biotechnology in biochemical processes are investigated. The applications of fermentation in a number of biological processes are reviewed. The biological transformation of useful products in living cells in terms of food, medicine, chemicals, antibiotics, and protein are discussed. Fermentation processes are able to produce very useful biobased products that are used in our daily life. Deep understanding of the bioconversion processes may assist readers to develop advance technology for obtaining a high yield of products. Schematic flow diagrams for several fermentation processes are demonstrated in this Chapter In these biological pathways, carbon sources such as corn, potato starch, molasses, and whey are used in fermentative processes for the production of amino acids, enzymes, proteins, and antibiotics.

Keywords


Insulin; Production of amino acids; Production of baker's yeast; Production of enzymes; Production of lactic acid; Production of penicillin; Production of vinegar; Role of biotechnology

Outline

1.1. Introduction


Microorganisms have been identified and exploited for more than a century. The Babylonians and Sumerians used yeast to prepare alcohol. There is a great history beyond fermentation processes that explains the applications of microbial processes that resulted in the production of food and beverages. In the mid-19th century, Louis Pasteur understood the role of microorganisms in fermented food, wine, alcohols, beverages, cheese, milk, yogurt and other dairy products, fuels, and fine chemical industries. He identified many microbial processes and discovered the first principal role of fermentation, which was that microbes require substrate to produce primary and secondary metabolites and end products.
In the new millennium, extensive application of bioprocesses has created an environment for many engineers to expand the field of biotechnology. One of the useful applications of biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to produce alcohols and acetone, which are used in industrial processes. The knowledge related to industrial microbiology has been revolutionized by the ability of genetically engineered cells to make many new products. Genetic engineering and gene mounting have been developed in the enhancement of industrial fermentation. Consequently, biotechnology is a new approach for making commercial products using living organisms. Furthermore, knowledge of bioprocesses has been developed to deliver fine-quality products.
The application of biological sciences in industrial processes is known as bioprocess. Today, most biological and pharmaceutical products are produced in well-defined industrial bioprocesses. For instance, bacteria are able to produce most amino acids that can be used in food and medicine. There are hundreds of microbial and fungal products purely available in the biotechnology market. The microbial production of amino acids can be used to produce L-isomers; chemical production results in both D- and L-isomers. Lysine and glutamic acid are produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Another food additive is citric acid, which is produced by Aspergillus niger. Table 1.1 summarizes several widespread applications of industrial microbiology to deliver a variety of products in applied industries.
The growth of cells on a large scale is called industrial fermentation. Industrial fermentation is normally performed in a bioreactor, which controls aeration, pH, and temperature. Microorganisms use an organic source and produce primary metabolites such as ethanol, which are formed during the cells' exponential growth phase. In some bioprocesses, yeast or fungi are used to produce advanced valuable products. Those products are considered as secondary metabolites, such as penicillin, which is produced during the stationary phase. Yeasts are grown for wine- and bread-making. There are other microbes such as Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Bacillus thuringiensis that are able to grow and use carbohydrates and organic sources originating from agricultural wastes. Vaccines, antibiotics, and steroids are also products of microbial growth.

1.2. Role of Biotechnology


Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary area that governs the application of biology and chemistry in engineering sciences. In fact, it is the knowledge of the exploitation of living microorganisms and their by-products, such as enzymes, secondary metabolites, and any product from the pathway of living organisms. These biobased products are expanding as safe food additives, medicines, and cosmetics.
In the past decades, the application of biotechnology focused only on animal biotechnology or plant cell technology and horticulture. But today, the development of biotechnology has enhanced and moved beyond the borders. The knowledge has expanded in many fields of engineering as well as in advance biomaterial and nano-biotechnology products.

Table 1.1

Industrial products produced by biological processes1

Fermentation products Microorganism Applications
Ethanol (nonbeverage) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fine chemicals
2-Ketogluconic acid Pseudomonas sp. An intermediate in ascorbic acid (vitamin C) production; a precursor for isoascorbic acid synthesis
Pectinase, protease Aspergillus niger, A. aureus Clarifying agents in fruit juice
Bacterial amylase Bacillus subtilis Modifying starch, sizing paper
Bacterial protease
Lipase
Protease
Lysine
B. subtilis
Candida rugosa
Bacillus subtilis
Micrococcus glutamicus
Desizing fibers, spot remover
Esterification of fat and lipids
Hydrolysis of protein
Food additives
Dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides Food stabilizer
Sorbose Gluconobacter suboxydans Manufacturing of ascorbic acid
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) Streptomyces olivaceus Food supplements
Glutamic acid Brevibacterium sp. Food additive
Gluconic acid Aspergillus niger Pharmaceutical products
Lactic acid
Lactic acid
Rhizopus oryzae
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Foods and pharmaceuticals food additives and chemicals
Citric acid Aspergillus niger or A. wentii Food products, medicine
Acetone-butanol-ethanol Clostridium acetobutylicum Solvents, chemical intermediate
Insulin, interferon
Coagulated milk
Recombinant E. coli
Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Human therapy
Yogurt-starting culture
Yeast and rennet Lactobacillus bulgaricus Cheese and yogurt production
Microbial protein (single cell protein)
Single cell protein (SCP)
Candida utilis
Pseudomonas methylotroph
Oxidizing bacteria, fungus Fusarium
Food supplements
Food supplements
Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Antibiotics
Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acremonium Antibiotics
Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus Antibiotics
In the mid-19th century, Louis Pasteur well understood the industrial application of microorganisms to deliver useful products while implementing various bioprocesses. The raw materials were used as substrates and nutrients for microorganisms to draw suitable products. The products were used by humans, and the even rate of productions was at commercial scale. Microorganisms under normal condition produce large number of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food-grade products. Other applications of microorganisms are clearly...

Erscheint lt. Verlag 24.2.2015
Sprache englisch
Themenwelt Naturwissenschaften Chemie Technische Chemie
Technik Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
ISBN-10 0-444-63377-4 / 0444633774
ISBN-13 978-0-444-63377-4 / 9780444633774
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