Lithium-ion Battery Materials and Engineering (eBook)

Malgorzata K. Gulbinska holds a Ph.D. degree in chemistry, with experience in inorganic syntheses methods (including solid state methods) and in materials science and a strong background in materials analyses methods (such as XRD, SEM, BET, etc.) and the assembly and testing of coin and pouch lithium-ion cells (both half and full cells).Since February 2005 she has been working at Yardney Technical Products, Inc., located in Pawcatuck, CT, USA. Yardney is a manufacturer of the high-end lithium-ion batteries for space, military and medical (implanted hearing aid) applications who also sponsored a significant part of her graduate (Ph.D.) thesis work that was described silicon-based anode materials for LIB applications.Within the past years, Malgorzata Gulbinska was a PI and Co-PI on several completed and current grants; totaling over $3,000,000.00. The sources were/are both Federal (Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Naval Air Warfare Center) as well as Industrial (BASF Catalysts LLC, NJ, USA; HPL SA, Lausanne, Switzerland).Recently (2007-2009) she has been awarded five Phase I research grants; three from the U.S. Department of Energy, one from National Science Foundation, and one from NASA.

Preface I: Introduction 6
Preface II: Historical Notes 8
Contents 10
1 Lithium-ion Cell Materials in Practice 11
Abstract 11
1.1 Lithium-ion Cell Components and Materials 11
1.2 Cathode Active Materials 13
1.2.1 Lithium Cobalt Oxide 15
1.2.2 Lithium Nickel Oxide Derivatives: LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 20
1.2.3 The Family of LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 Materials 20
1.2.4 Lithium Manganese Spinel and Derivatives 23
1.2.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate 25
1.3 Anode Active Materials 27
1.4 Electrodes: Conductive Diluents and Binders 30
1.5 Electrolyte Solutions 32
1.6 Porous Separators 34
1.7 Future Trends in Lithium-ion Cell Materials 34
References 37
2 Predicting Materials’ Performance 40
Abstract 40
2.1 Editor’s Note 40
2.2 Introduction: Macro and Intrinsic Kinetics 41
2.3 Thermodynamics of Solid Electrodes 44
2.3.1 Ideal and Real Solutions 45
2.3.2 Equilibrium Potentials on EASP 48
2.3.3 The Dependence of Equilibrium Potential on DoC of EASP 48
2.3.4 Entropy of the Electrode Reaction 51
2.4 Mass Transport in Solid Electrodes 54
2.4.1 Galvanostatic Pulse Method 57
2.4.2 Potential Transient Method 59
2.5 Rate of Electrochemical Stage 61
2.6 Concentration Dependence of Exchange Current on EASP 61
2.7 The Methods of Investigation of Electrochemical Reaction Step 63
2.8 Selected Examples of OCP and Related Dependencies on Lithium Content 66
2.9 Conclusion 69
References 69
3 Optimizing Electrodes for Lithium-ion Cells 72
Abstract 72
3.1 Introduction 72
3.2 Electrode Formulations and the Concepts of Weight Loading and Porosity 74
3.3 Weight Loading and Porosity of Electrodes:Impact on DC Resistance of the Li-ion Cell 77
3.4 Component Optimization, Example 1: Cathode and Binder Improvements 80
3.5 Component Optimization, Example 2: Conductive Diluents in the Anode 84
3.6 Systemic Optimization Example: Thermal Stability and Low-Temperature Performance 87
3.7 Separators Assessment and Optimization 89
3.8 Electrolyte: Conductivity Optimization 90
3.9 Nanoparticulate Electrode Materials and Their Implementation and Optimization Challenges 93
3.10 Conclusions 95
3.11 Further Reading 95
References 96
4 Lithium-ion Cells for High-End Applications 98
Abstract 98
4.1 Lithium-ion Cells for High-End Applications: Introduction 98
4.1.1 Land 102
4.1.2 Human Implantable Lithium Batteries 107
4.1.3 Aerial 109
4.1.4 Space 111
4.1.5 Sea 115
4.2 Quality and Reliability for High-End Lithium-ion Technology 117
4.2.1 Quality 117
4.2.2 Reliability 118
4.3 Conclusion 120
References 120
5 Lithium-ion Cell and Battery Safety 123
Abstract 123
5.1 Battery Safety: An Introduction and Critical Definitions 123
5.1.1 Analyses Methods: From Materials, Through Components, to Cells 128
5.1.1.1 Cathodes 129
5.1.1.2 Anodes 132
5.1.1.3 Electrolytes 133
5.1.1.4 Separators 139
5.2 Cell-Level Protection Devices 141
5.3 Safety at the Battery Level 144
5.3.1 Thermal Management 145
5.3.2 Battery Management System (BMS) 149
5.4 Safety Testing 152
5.4.1 Safety Testing Examples 152
5.4.1.1 Test Example 1: Gross Overcharge and Event Propagation 153
5.4.1.2 Test Example 2: Nail Penetration 154
5.5 Conclusions 155
5.6 Further Reading 155
References 156
6 Lithium-ion Cells in Hybrid Systems 159
Abstract 159
6.1 Hybrid Systems: General Introduction 159
6.2 Lithium-ionUltracapacitor Hybrid System 160
6.2.1 Li-ionUltracapacitor Hybrid Construction 162
6.2.2 Li-ionUltracapacitor Hybrid Testing 163
6.2.3 Li-ionUltracapacitor Hybrid Results 164
6.2.4 Li-ionUltracapacitor Hybrid Conclusions and Applications 164
6.3 Li-ionLithium-Air Hybrid System 166
6.3.1 Li-ionLithium-Air Hybrid Battery Construction 167
6.3.2 Li-ionLithium-Air Hybrid Testing 168
6.3.3 Li-ionLithium-Air Hybrid Testing Results 168
6.3.4 Li-ionLithium-Air Hybrid Conclusions and Applications 169
6.4 Design Considerations for a Fuel CellLi-ion Rechargeable Battery Hybrid Power System 169
6.4.1 A Case Study: The Fuel Cell Component Selection for the Hybrid System 170
6.4.1.1 Fuel Storage 171
6.4.1.2 Operational Limitations of the Candidate Fuel Cells 172
6.4.1.3 Estimated Specific Energy, Energy Density, and Power Density in the Particular Hybrid System 173
6.4.1.4 Comparative Technology Readiness 174
6.4.1.5 Other: Efficiency, Thermal Losses, and Fuel Purity Requirements 174
6.4.2 Power Management and Design Optimization of Fuel CellBattery Hybrid System 175
6.4.3 Designing the Best Lithium-ion Battery for a BatteryFuel Cell Hybrid System 176
6.4.4 Fuel CellLi-ion Hybrid System: Conclusions 178
6.5 Hybrid Systems: Closing Remarks 179
6.6 Further Reading 179
References 180
7 Competing Technologies Landscape 182
Abstract 182
7.1 Introduction 182
7.2 Man-Portable Applications Background 183
7.2.1 Other Battery Technologies for Portable Applications 184
7.2.2 Fuel Cells for Portable Applications 184
7.2.3 Photovoltaics for Portable (and Other) Applications 192
7.2.4 Thermal Electric Technology for Portable (and Other) Applications 193
7.2.5 Piezoelectric Technology for Portable Applications 194
7.2.6 Supercapacitors for Portable Applications 195
7.2.7 Internal Combustion Engines for Portable Applications 195
7.3 Transport Applications 196
7.4 Stationary Applications 199
7.5 Summary 201
7.6 Conclusions 202
7.7 Further Reading 203
References 212