Design for Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems (eBook)

Nicolae Badea is a professor at the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 2004, starting his teaching career in 1989. He has published books and book chapters in the fields of electrical machines, electrical equipments, electromagnetic field theory, electric circuit theory, wind energy. He has more than 100 papers and articles published in national and international conferences and journals. His main fields of interest and expertise are the electricity sector, renewable energies ((wind, PV, thermal-solar, mini-hydro, biomass, fuel cells – hydrogen), energy efficiency, security of supply, climate change, sustainable development, micro cogeneration and trigeneration systems. Professor Badea has done applied research as project manager in national and international projects that use renewable energy sources and develop micro co/trigeneration systems.

Acknowledgments 6
Contents 7
1 Microgeneration Outlook 8
Abstract 8
1 Evolution 8
1.1 The European Union 9
1.2 The European Energy Sector 9
1.3 Traditional Grids Versus Smart Grids 10
1.4 Microgeneration Systems 11
2 Challenges in the European Energy Sector 12
2.1 Connecting the Dots 13
2.1.1 Environment/Sustainable Development 13
2.1.2 Energy Security/Security of Supply 16
Internal Energy Market 20
3 Policy Overview 22
3.1 Europe 2020 22
3.2 Roadmap 2050 24
3.3 Framework 25
4 Regulatory Framework 26
4.1 IEM Directive 27
4.2 RES Directive 28
4.3 EPBD Directive 29
4.4 EED Directive 31
5 Trends 34
References 36
2 Decentralized Poly-generation of Energy: Basic Concepts 39
Abstract 39
1 Energy 39
1.1 Forms of Energy 40
1.2 Energy Units 41
1.3 Energy Conversion 42
2 The Concept of Cogeneration 45
2.1 Centralized Versus Distributed Energy Generation 46
2.2 Performance Indicators of Cogeneration Systems 52
2.2.1 Energy Efficiency 53
2.2.2 Fuel Utilization Efficiency 54
2.2.3 Primary Energy Saving 54
3 The Trigeneration Concept 55
3.1 Energy Conversion in the Trigeneration 57
3.2 Performance Indicators of the Trigeneration Systems 61
3.2.1 Primary Energy Saving to Trigeneration Systems 61
3.2.2 Energy Efficiency of the Trigeneration Systems 63
References 64
3 Combined Micro-Systems 66
Abstract 66
1 The Micro-CHP Technologies 66
1.1 Steam Turbines 67
1.1.1 Method Based on Increasing the Pressure and Temperature in the Warm Source 69
1.1.2 Method Based on Decreasing the Temperature and Pressure in the Cold Source 70
1.2 Gas Micro Turbines 72
1.3 Thermal Engines with Internal Combustion 74
1.4 Stirling Engines 76
1.5 Fuel Cell 77
2 Comparative Analysis of Cogeneration Technologies in mCHP Systems 79
3 The mCCHP Systems 84
3.1 Architecture of the mCCHP Systems 84
3.1.1 The mCCHP System with a Mechanical Compression Chiller 86
3.1.2 The mCCHP System with a Thermal Compression Chiller 87
3.2 Operation Modes of the mCHP Unit 88
References 93
4 Renewable Energy Sources for the mCCHP-SE-RES Systems 95
Abstract 95
1 Primary Energy for Building's Energy Systems 96
1.1 Microgeneration Systems 96
1.2 The New Paradigm 97
1.3 The Renewable Sources Used in Building's Energy Systems 99
2 Solar Energy 101
2.1 The Principle of Solar Energy Conversion 102
2.2 Performances of Solar Energy Conversion 104
2.3 Solar Energy Storage 105
2.3.1 Electrical Energy Storage 106
2.3.2 Thermal Energy Storage 108
3 Biomass 109
3.1 Biomass Sources and Technologies 110
3.2 Biofuel Combustion 114
4 Stirling Engine as Cogeneration Unit 119
5 Boilers 121
6 Solar Thermal Collectors 123
6.1 Construction and Operation 124
6.2 Performances of Thermal Solar Collectors 130
7 Photovoltaic Panels 132
7.1 General Aspects 132
7.2 Connection to Load 133
References 135
5 Structural Design of the mCCHP-RES System 136
Abstract 136
1 Conceptual Framework 137
1.1 General Aspects 138
1.2 System Conceptual Scheme 140
1.3 Typical Actions 141
1.4 Design Process 143
2 Manufacturer Business Plan 147
3 Initial Data Collection 148
3.1 Residence Building Features 149
3.2 Customer Needs and Requirements 149
3.3 Residence Functional Needs 149
3.4 Residence Energetic Environment 151
3.4.1 Local Climate 151
3.4.2 Local Energy Sources and Resources 156
4 System Structural Modeling 166
4.1 Building the General Structural Model 166
4.2 Identifying the Set of Potential Structural Models 168
5 Consumption Estimation 169
5.1 Analytical Estimation of the Heat and the Cold 171
5.1.1 Analytical Estimation Based on the Heat Transfer Coefficient of Building 174
5.1.2 Analytical Estimation Based on the Global Coefficient of Building's Thermal Isolation 185
5.2 Analytically Estimation of the Heat Consumption for Domestic Hot Water (DHW) 187
5.3 Analytically Estimation of the Power Consumption for Domestic Facilities 189
5.3.1 Procedure Based on Global Consumption Estimation 190
5.3.2 Procedure Based on Specific Consumption Estimation 196
5.3.3 Simplified Procedure 199
5.3.4 Fast Procedure 201
5.4 Synthetical Estimation Based on the Residence Energy Certificate 202
5.4.1 Energy Certificate of Building 202
5.4.2 Estimation of the Specific Consumption 204
5.5 Consumption Aggregating 207
5.5.1 Consumption Aggregating in Case of Mechanical Compression Chiller 207
5.5.2 Consumption Aggregating in Case of Thermally Compression Chiller 209
6 Load Estimation 211
6.1 Load Versus Consumption 211
6.2 System Load Estimation 214
6.3 Load Sharing 214
7 Evaluation and Improving of the Structural Models Performance 221
7.1 Indicators for Performance Evaluation at System Level 221
7.2 Performance Evaluation and Improving in the Case of Structural Models with Mechanical Compression Chiller 222
7.2.1 Structural Model Type off-Grid with Mechanical Compression Chiller 224
7.2.2 Structural Model Type on-Grid with Mechanical Compression Chiller 225
7.3 Performance Evaluation and Improving in the Case of Structural Models with Thermal Compression Chiller 229
7.3.1 Structural Model Type off-Grid with Thermal Compression Chiller 230
7.3.2 Structural Model Type on-Grid with Thermal Compression Chiller 233
7.4 Performance Evaluation of the Potential Structural Models 235
7.4.1 Evaluation at the System Level 235
7.4.2 Evaluation at the Couple Building-System Level 236
References 240
6 Functional Design of the mCCHP-RES System 242
Abstract 242
1 Introduction 243
2 System Functional Modeling 244
2.1 Building the Functional Schemes 245
2.2 Sizing of the System Components 246
2.2.1 Electric Subsystem Components 248
2.2.2 Thermal Subsystem Components 263
3 System Operating and Control 281
3.1 Operating Modes of the CHP Unit 281
3.2 Control Strategy of the CCHP System 282
4 System Dynamics Analysis 287
4.1 The Structure of the mCCHP System Models Considered in Simulation 288
4.2 Principles of Modeling and Numerical Simulation 288
4.3 Simulation of the Dynamic Regimes 290
4.3.1 Electrical Subsystem 290
4.3.2 Thermal Subsystem 298
4.4 Simulation and Analysis of mCCHP System---Model 1 303
4.4.1 Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the System in Winter Regime 305
4.4.2 Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the System in Summer Regime 310
4.4.3 Conclusions 315
4.5 Simulation and Analysis of the mCCHP System---Model 2 315
4.5.1 Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the System in Winter Regime 315
4.5.2 Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the System in Summer Regime 316
4.6 Simulation and Analysis of MCCHP System---Model 3 319
4.7 Simulation and Analysis of MCCHP System---Model 4 320
4.8 Simulation and Analysis of MCCHP System---Model 5 321
4.9 Conclusions 326
5 Design of the Control Sub-System 328
5.1 Design of the Numerical Controllers 328
5.1.1 The Lower Level of the Hierarchical Control System 328
5.1.2 The Higher Level of the Hierarchical Control System 332
6 Interface System 335
References 338
7 Experimental Case Study 339
Abstract 339
1 Conceptual Framework 339
1.1 Local Needs Analysis for the Experimental Building 340
1.2 Obtaining Legal Conditions to Permit the Experimental Building Construction with MCCHP System 340
1.3 Local Needs Analysis for mCCHP System Implementation 341
2 Manufacturer Business Plan 342
3 Initial Data Collection 342
3.1 Experimental Residence Features 342
3.1.1 Residence Location 342
3.1.2 Building Drawings 343
3.1.3 Characteristic Elements of the Architecture 343
3.2 Customer Needs and Requirements 346
3.3 Residence Functional Needs 346
3.3.1 Distribution of Thermal Energy 346
3.3.2 Sanitary Appliances 347
3.3.3 Electric Energy Input Appliance 347
3.4 Residence Energetic Environment 348
3.4.1 Local Climate 348
3.4.2 Local Energy Sources and Resources 349
4 System Structural Modeling 352
5 Consumption Estimation 354
5.1 Estimation of the Heat for Global Heating and the Cold for Air-Conditioning 354
5.2 Analytical Estimation of the Heat Consumption for Domestic Hot Water 356
5.3 Analytical Estimation of the Global Power Consumption for Domestic Facilities 357
5.4 Determination of the Specific Consumption 358
5.5 Consumption Aggregating 360
6 Load Estimation 361
6.1 Load Sharing 362
7 Evaluation and Improving of the Performance 362
7.1 Performance Indicators at the System Level 362
7.2 Performance Improving 363
7.3 Performance Evaluation at the Couple Building-System Level 366
8 Building the Functional Schemes 367
8.1 Sizing of the System Components 367
8.1.1 Electric Subsystem Components 367
8.1.2 Thermal Subsystem Components 371
9 System Operating and Control 382
10 System Dynamics Analysis 383
10.1 System Dynamics Analysis in Winter Regime 383
10.2 System Dynamics Analysis in Summer Regime 386
11 Design of the Control Subsystem 389
12 System Interface 391
13 The mCCHP-SE-RES System Data 393
A.x(118). Appendix 1: Experimental System Pictures 394
References 396