Sensing Technology: Current Status and Future Trends III (eBook)

Guest Editorial 6
Contents 12
Review of the Use of the Optical Fibers for Safety Applications in Tunnels and Car Parks: Pollution Monitoring, Fire and Explosive Gas Detection 15
1 Introduction 15
2 Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies 16
3 Air Quality Monitoring 22
4 Flaming Fire D Detection 30
5 Combustible Gas Leak Detection 33
6 Conclusions 34
References 35
Evanescent Wave Absorption Based Fiber-Optic Sensor - Cascading of Bend and Tapered Geometry for Enhanced Sensitivity 39
1 Introduction 39
2 Theory of Evanescent Wave Absorption Based Fiber-Optic Sensor 40
3 Sensitivity Enhancement of EWA Based Fiber-Optic Sensor 47
4 Bent-Tapered Probe 51
5 Conclusion 56
References 57
Design of High-Resolution Optical Systems for Fast and Accurate Surface Reconstruction 60
1 Introduction 60
2 Methodology 62
3 Experimental Understanding 69
4 Results 72
5 Conclusions 75
References 76
On the Use of Light Sensors and Pattern Recognition Techniques for Automated Detection of Street Lighting Lamps 79
1 Introduction 80
2 System Architecture 81
3 Spectrum Signature Detection 84
4 Pattern Recognition Techniques 86
5 Experimental Setup 90
6 Experimental Results 91
7 Software Overview 97
8 Conclusions 102
References 103
Cesium Environmental Monitoring System for Assaying Temporal Changes in Atomic Disintegration Products Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 105
1 Introduction 106
2 Importance of Cesium and Barium Measurement 106
3 Elemental Detection of Cesium and Barium in Sea Sand Soil 108
4 Experimental Results 111
5 Discussion 116
6 Conclusion 119
References 119
Energy-Efficient WSN Systems 122
1 Introduction 122
2 System Overview 124
3 Battery Charger Configuration 128
4 Routing Techniques 130
5 Lifetime Estimation 138
6 Conclusion 140
References 141
Simple Autonomous Active Period Selection Technique for Cluster-Based IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks with Dynamic Network Changes 144
1 Introduction 144
2 IEEE 802.15.4 Beacon Enabled MAC and Its Problem 146
3 Related Work 148
4 System Model 149
5 Simple Autonomous Distributed Active Period Selection 151
6 Distributed Backoff Mechanism 154
7 Performance Evaluation 157
8 Evaluation Results 158
9 Conclusions 164
References 165
Exploring Energy Efficiency of Hardware-Architectures for IMU Based Orientation Estimation 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Algorithms for Orientation Estimation Based on IMU RAW Data 169
3 Exploration of Orientation Estimation Accuracy and Execution Time of Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor Fusion Algorithms 170
4 Low-Cost, Wireless IMU Prototyping Platform 173
5 Design Space Exploration of Algorithmic Approaches for Orientation Estimation Regarding Accuracy and Execution Time 175
6 Kalman Filter Modification 177
7 Kalman Filter Based on Fixed-Point Data Representation 178
8 Dedicated Kalman Filter Module 180
9 Design Space Exploration Results 182
10 Conclusions 186
References 187
The Integrated versus Standalone Operation Mode for Second and Subsequent Fragments Headers Compression Scheme in 6LoWPAN 189
1 Introduction 190
2 Header Compression in Communication Technology 191
3 IPv6 Header Compression Schemes in 6LoWPAN 192
4 Second and Subsequent Fragments Headers Compression Scheme 198
5 Performance Evaluation of S& SFHC Schemes
6 Conclusion 207
References 207
Wireless Sensor Network Attacks: An Overview and Critical Analysis with Detailed Investigation on Jamming Attack Effects 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Denial of Service Attacks 212
3 Privacy Attacks 215
4 Impersonation Attacks 216
5 Jammers Effect in Communication 217
6 Result of Analysis and Proposals 226
7 Conclusion 228
References 228
Learning with Great Care: The Adoption of the Multi-sensor Technology in Education 231
1 Introduction 231
2 Sensor Applied in Education/Learning 233
3 Methodology 234
4 Result 244
5 Conclusions 245
References 246
Detection of Microorganism in Water and Different Food Matrix by Electronic Nose 251
1 Introduction 252
2 Nanowire Technology and the EN EOS835 254
3 Microbiological Contaminants in Water 254
4 Water Analysis 258
5 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) 261
6 Conclusion 265
References 265
Pain Sensing in Animals 267
1 Introduction 267
2 Traditional System 268
Proposed System 271
4 New System Design 272
5 Power Consumption 278
6 Sensor Calibra ation 279
7 Testing and Results 281
8 Conclusion 283
References 283
Moisture Content Estimation of Wet Sand from Free-Space Microwave Techniques 285
1 Introduction 286
2 Short-Circuited Reflection (SCR) Method 286
3 Measurement and Signal Processing 289
4 Experimental Work 296
5 Conclusions 303
References 303
Organic Molecule Based Sensor for Aldehyde Detection 306
1 Introduction 307
2 Various Sensors for Aldehyde Detection 308
3 Commercially Available Gas Sensors 311
4 Conjugated Molecule Sensors 311
5 Sensor Response Characteristics Conjugated Molecule Sensors 314
6 Testing OPD-CB Sensor for Aldehyde Detection 318
7 Molecular Modelling to Validate Sensing Mechanism 320
8 Mechanism of OPD Interaction with Aldehyde 326
9 Conclusion 327
References 328
Noncontact Temperature Profiling of Rotating Cylinder by Laser-Ultrasound 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Determination of Temperature Distribution of Cylinder by Ultrasound 335
3 Experimental Setup 338
4 Results 340
5 Conclusions 344
References 345
Modelling of Sensing Performance of Electrostrictive Capacitive Sensors 346
1 Introduction 347
2 Electrostrictive Materials – Background 347
3 Electrostrictive Material for Sensing Applications 350
4 Electrostrictive Capacitive Sensors 352
5 Conventional Sensing Models 354
6 Error in Conventional Sensing Models 357
7 Role of Fillers in Enhancement of Sensing Performance 359
8 Conclusion 361
References 362
Measurements for the Thermodynamic Model of a Pneumatic Muscle Actuator 364
1 Introduction 365
2 Basic Static Model of a Pneumatic Muscle Actuator 366
3 Thermodynamic Model of the pMA 369
4 Temperature Sensors 371
5 Muscle Design Changes 376
6 Verification of the Mathematical Model 379
7 Conclusion 380
References 380
Coordinate Measurement on Wafer Level – From Single Sensors to Sensor Arrays 382
1 Introduction 382
2 Sensor Elemen nts for Tactile Probing of Microstructures 384
3 Tactile Sensor Array 388
4 Tactile Elements Adjusted for the Measurement of Microsystems 397
5 Summary and Prospect 402
References 402
Tailoring of Magnetic Properties and GMI Effect of Amorphous Microwires by Annealing 404
1 Introduction 404
2 Fabrication of Microwires and Experimental Technique for Studies of Magnetic Properties and GMI Effect 408
3 Giant Magneto-Impedance Effect 411
4 Fast Domain Wall Dynamics in Thin Wires and Magnetic Bistability 414
5 Tailoring of Magnetic Properties and GMI of Nearly-Zero Magnetostrictive Microwires by Annealing 415
6 Conclusions 424
References 425
Author Index 429