The UHV transmission has many advantages for new power networks due to its capacity, long distance potential, high efficiency, and low loss. Development of UHV transmission technology is led by infrastructure development and renewal, as well as smart grid developments, which can use UHV power networks as the transmission backbone for hydropower, coal, nuclear power and large renewable energy bases.
Over the years, State Grid Corporation of China has developed a leading position in UHV core technology R&D, equipment development, plus construction experience, standards development and operational management. SGCC built the most advanced technology 'two AC and two DC' UHV projects with the highest voltage-class and largest transmission capacity in the world, with a cumulative power transmission of 10TWh.
This book comprehensively summarizes the research achievement, theoretical innovation and engineering practice in UHV power grid construction in China since 2005. It covers the key technology and parameters used in the design of the UHV transmission network, shows readers the technical problems State Grid encountered during the construction, and the solution they come up with. It also introduces key technology like UHV series compensation, DC converter valve, and the systematic standards and norms.
- Discusses technical characteristics and advantages of using of AC/DC transmission system
- Includes applications and technical standards of UHV technologies
- Provides insight and case studies into a technology area that is developing worldwide
- Introduces the technical difficulties encountered in design and construction phase and provides solutions
The UHV transmission has many advantages for new power networks due to its capacity, long distance potential, high efficiency, and low loss. Development of UHV transmission technology is led by infrastructure development and renewal, as well as smart grid developments, which can use UHV power networks as the transmission backbone for hydropower, coal, nuclear power and large renewable energy bases. Over the years, State Grid Corporation of China has developed a leading position in UHV core technology R&D, equipment development, plus construction experience, standards development and operational management. SGCC built the most advanced technology 'two AC and two DC' UHV projects with the highest voltage-class and largest transmission capacity in the world, with a cumulative power transmission of 10TWh. This book comprehensively summarizes the research achievement, theoretical innovation and engineering practice in UHV power grid construction in China since 2005. It covers the key technology and parameters used in the design of the UHV transmission network, shows readers the technical problems State Grid encountered during the construction, and the solution they come up with. It also introduces key technology like UHV series compensation, DC converter valve, and the systematic standards and norms. Discusses technical characteristics and advantages of using of AC/DC transmission system Includes applications and technical standards of UHV technologies Provides insight and case studies into a technology area that is developing worldwide Introduces the technical difficulties encountered in design and construction phase and provides solutions
Front Cover 1
Ultra-High Voltage AC/DC Grids 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 16
1 Grid Development and Voltage Upgrade 22
1.1 Grid Development and Interconnection 22
1.1.1 Basic Concepts of Grid 22
1.1.2 History of Grid Development 25
1.1.3 Status of Grid Interconnection 29
1.1.4 Grid Development Trend 31
1.1.4.1 Continually enhancing capabilities of the grid for optimal allocation of energy resources 31
1.1.4.2 Continuous improvement in system security and reliability 33
1.1.4.3 Future grid development 34
1.2 Driver for UHV Transmission Development and Its History 37
1.2.1 Drivers for Developing UHV Transmission 37
1.2.1.1 Meeting the requirement for bulk, long-distance, and efficient delivery of power 37
1.2.1.2 Protecting environment 38
1.2.1.3 Improving operational security of grids and their overall social benefits 39
1.2.1.4 Enhancing capabilities for energy delivery 40
1.2.2 History of UHV Development Worldwide 41
1.2.3 Innovations and Practices in China’s UHV Transmission 44
1.2.3.1 Development of UHV AC transmission 44
1.2.3.2 Development of UHV DC transmission 45
1.3 Hybrid UHV AC and UHV DC Grid 48
1.3.1 Features of AC and DC Transmission Technologies 48
1.3.2 Features of Hybrid UHV AC and UHV DC Grids 49
1.3.3 Basic Principles for Selecting UHV Voltage Classes 50
References 54
2 Characteristics of UHV AC Transmission System 56
2.1 Parameters of UHV AC Transmission Lines 57
2.1.1 Unit Length Parameters of Transmission Line 57
2.1.1.1 Reactance of unit length symmetrically arranged conductor bundle 57
2.1.1.2 Susceptance per unit length of symmetrically arranged conductor bundles 59
2.1.1.3 Resistance per unit length of a conductor bundle 63
2.1.2 Impacts of Bundle Configuration of Conductors on Inductive and Capacitive Reactance of Lines 64
2.1.3 Comparison of Parameters Between EHV/UHV AC Transmission Lines 64
2.1.4 Equivalent Circuit of UHV AC Transmission Line 65
2.2 Transmission Characteristics of UHV AC Transmission Lines 69
2.2.1 Surge Impedance Load 69
2.2.2 Transmission of Active and Reactive Power 72
2.2.3 Power Loss and Voltage Decline 74
2.2.4 Power–Voltage Characteristics 77
2.3 Calculation Methods for Stability and Transmission Capability of UHV AC System 81
2.3.1 Basic Concept of Power System Stability 81
2.3.1.1 Power angle stability 82
2.3.1.2 Voltage stability 89
2.3.1.3 Frequency stability 95
2.3.2 Power System Security and Stability Standard and Stability Criterion 97
2.3.3 Calculating Methods for Transmission Capability of the UHV AC System 99
2.4 Influence of System Parameters on Transmission Capability of the UHV AC System 103
2.4.1 Transformer Reactance/Line Reactance Ratio of UHV System 103
2.4.2 Ratio of Generator Reactance to UHV Transmission Line Reactance 104
2.4.3 Influence of Connection Scheme of Generators (Power Plants/Stations) on UHV Transmission Capability 106
2.4.4 Influence of System Parameters on Transmission Capability of UHV AC System 108
References 114
3 Characteristics of UHV DC Transmission System 116
3.1 Basic Principles of HVDC Transmission System 116
3.1.1 Basics of HVDC Conversion Technology 116
3.1.2 Six-Pulse Converter 117
3.1.3 Twelve-Pulse Converter 124
3.2 Characteristics of UHV DC Transmission System 125
3.2.1 System Composition 125
3.2.2 Operation of DC Transmission System 131
3.2.2.1 Wiring configurations 131
3.2.2.2 Direction of power flow 133
3.2.2.3 Operation at rated or reduced voltage 134
3.2.2.4 Active power control 135
3.2.2.5 Balanced and unbalanced bipolar operation 136
3.2.2.6 Reactive power control 137
3.2.3 Characteristics and Applications of UHV DC Transmission 139
3.2.3.1 Advantages and applications 139
3.2.3.2 Limitations and development trends of HVDC transmission technology 141
3.3 Safety, Stability, and Operation of UHV DC Transmission System 143
3.3.1 Role of AC Systems in Supporting UHV DC Systems 143
3.3.2 Connection of UHV DC Transmission Systems 144
3.3.3 Stability Evaluation Methods for Interconnected UHV DC–AC System 146
3.3.4 Interaction Between UHV DC System and AC System 151
References 153
4 Internal Overvoltages in UHV Grid and Their Suppression 154
4.1 Classification of Internal Overvoltages and Overvoltage Level in UHV System 155
4.2 Temporary Overvoltage and Its Suppression 157
4.2.1 Temporary Overvoltage Caused by Load Rejection and Its Suppression 157
4.2.1.1 Main causes of temporary overvoltage 157
4.2.1.2 Suppression of temporary overvoltage caused by load rejection 162
4.2.1.3 Duration of temporary overvoltage due to three-phase load rejection during a single-phase to ground fault 163
4.2.2 Resonance Overvoltage and Its Suppression 164
4.3 Secondary Arc Current and Its Suppression 170
4.3.1 Secondary Arc Current and Recovery Voltage 170
4.3.2 Suppression of Secondary Arc Current 171
4.3.3 Self-Extinguishing Characteristics of Secondary Arc 173
4.3.4 Selection of Neutral Grounding Reactor for Fixed Shunt Reactors 174
4.3.5 Selection of Neutral Grounding Reactor for Controllable Shunt Reactors 177
4.3.6 Selection of HSGS 178
4.3.7 Impact of Series Compensation Capacitor on Transient Secondary Arc Current 178
4.3.8 Impacts of Phase Sequence on Secondary Arc Current in Double-Circuit Lines 180
4.4 Switching Overvoltages and Its Suppression 181
4.4.1 Closing Overvoltage and Its Suppression 181
4.4.1.1 Physical process of closing overvoltage 182
4.4.1.2 Measures for suppressing closing overvoltages 184
4.4.2 Opening Overvoltage and Its Suppression 186
4.4.2.1 Load rejection overvoltages 186
4.4.2.2 Overvoltage after fault clearing 188
4.4.2.3 Necessity of installing an opening resistor in circuit breaker 190
4.5 VFTO and Its Suppression 192
4.5.1 VFTO and Its Impact 192
4.5.2 VFTO Characteristics 192
4.5.3 Suppression of VFTO 196
4.6 Internal Overvoltage of DC Transmission System and Its Suppression 198
4.6.1 Causes 198
4.6.2 Suppression Measures 200
4.6.3 Internal Overvoltage Suppression Effects in DC Transmission System 203
References 213
5 Lightning Overvoltage and Protection of UHV Grid 214
5.1 Lightning and Its Main Parameters 214
5.1.1 Lightning Mechanism 214
5.1.2 Lightning Parameters 217
5.1.3 Lightning Overvoltage 221
5.2 Lightning Protection for UHV Overhead Transmission Line 222
5.2.1 Characteristics of Lightning Protection 222
5.2.2 Methods of Calculating Lightning Trip-Out Rate 224
5.2.2.1 Methods for calculating back strike trip-out rate 224
5.2.2.2 Methods for calculating shielding failure trip-out rate 227
5.2.3 Application of Lightning Protection for UHV Overhead Transmission Line 232
5.2.3.1 Lightning protection for 1000-kV AC single-circuit line 232
5.2.3.2 Lightning protection of 1000kV AC double-circuit line sharing a tower 234
5.2.3.3 Lightning protection of UHV DC transmission line 237
5.2.3.4 Lightning protection of hybrid EHV/UHV AC multicircuit line sharing a tower 238
5.3 Lightning Protection of UHV Substation and Converter Station 240
5.3.1 Simulation on Lightning Protection of UHV Substation and Converter Station 240
5.3.2 Lightning Protection of UHV Substations 243
5.3.2.1 Direct lightning strike protection 243
5.3.2.2 Electric equipment protection against lightning-intruding overvoltage 243
5.3.3 Lightning Protection of UHV Converter Station 245
5.3.3.1 Direct lightning strike protection 245
5.3.3.2 Lightning-intruding overvoltage protection for electric equipment 246
References 248
6 External Insulation Characteristics and Insulation Coordination of UHV Transmission System 250
6.1 Discharge Characteristics of External Insulation 251
6.1.1 Classification of External Insulation 251
6.1.2 Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines 251
6.1.2.1 Discharge characteristics of air gaps for AC lines 252
6.1.2.2 Air gaps of DC lines 264
6.1.3 Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps in UHV Substations and Converter Stations 272
6.1.3.1 Discharge characteristics of typical air gaps in UHV substations 273
6.1.3.2 Discharge characteristics of typical air gaps in UHV converter stations 276
6.1.4 Altitude Correction 278
6.1.5 Surface Flashover Characteristics of Insulators in UHV Power Grids 280
6.1.5.1 Surface flashover characteristics of AC insulators 280
6.1.5.2 Characteristics of flashover on surface of DC insulators 282
6.2 Air Gaps of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines 284
6.2.1 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under Operating Voltage 284
6.2.2 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under Switching Overvoltage 286
6.2.3 Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap Under Lightning Overvoltage 289
6.2.4 Recommended Conductor-to-Tower Air Gap for UHV Overhead Transmission Lines 290
6.3 Air Gaps in UHV Substations and Converter Stations 291
6.3.1 Required Air Gaps Under Operating Voltage 291
6.3.2 Required Air Gaps Under Switching Overvoltage 293
6.3.2.1 Substations 293
6.3.2.2 Converter stations 295
6.3.3 Air Gaps Under Lightning Overvoltage 296
6.3.3.1 Substations 296
6.3.3.2 Converter stations 297
6.3.4 Recommended Air Gaps for a UHV Substation 297
6.3.5 Recommended Air Gaps for DC Switchyard of a UHV Converter Station 298
6.4 Selection of UHV Insulators 300
6.4.1 Selection of Type and Number of Insulators for Overhead Transmission Lines 300
6.4.2 Selection of Insulators Used in Substations and Converter Stations 303
6.5 Insulation Level of UHV Electrical Equipment 305
6.5.1 Parameters of Surge Arrester 305
6.5.2 Insulation Level of UHV AC Electrical Equipment 308
6.5.2.1 AC test voltage 308
6.5.2.2 Switching/lightning impulse withstand voltage (SIWV/LIWV) 309
6.5.3 Insulation Level of UHV DC Electrical Equipment 311
References 316
7 Electromagnetic Environment in UHV Transmission Projects 318
7.1 Overview 319
7.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV Transmission Projects 319
7.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV AC Transmission Projects 319
7.2.1.1 Power-frequency electric fields produced by UHV AC lines 320
7.2.1.2 Power-frequency electric fields of UHV substations 322
7.2.1.3 Power-frequency magnetic fields produced by UHV AC lines 324
7.2.1.4 Power-frequency magnetic fields in UHV substations 326
7.2.2 Limits of Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields of UHV AC Lines 327
7.2.3 Total Electric Field and DC Magnetic Field in UHV DC Transmission Projects 329
7.2.4 Limits of Total Electric Field and DC Magnetic Field for UHV DC Line 335
7.2.5 Effects of Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields 336
7.3 Noise from UHV Transmission Lines 338
7.3.1 Physical Measurement and A-Weighted Sound Level of Audible Noise 338
7.3.2 Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Audible Noise from Overhead Transmission Lines 339
7.3.3 Calculation of Audible Noise from UHV Transmission Lines 345
7.3.4 Limits of Audible Noise for UHV Overhead Transmission Lines 347
7.3.5 Limits of Noise for UHV Substations and Converter Stations 348
7.3.6 Audible Noise Reduction Measures for UHV Transmission Lines 349
7.4 RI and TVI of UHV Overhead Lines 351
7.4.1 RI and TVI Characteristics and Effects of Overhead Lines 351
7.4.1.1 Radio interference 352
7.4.1.2 Television Interference 356
7.4.2 Calculation of RI of Overhead Lines 356
7.4.3 RI Limits for UHV Overhead Lines 357
7.4.4 Measures to Reduce RI of UHV Overhead Lines 359
7.5 Corona Losses of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines 360
7.5.1 Corona Performance of Overhead Transmission Lines 360
7.5.2 Corona Tests on UHV Overhead Transmission Lines 361
7.5.3 Corona Loss Calculation of AC Transmission Lines 365
7.5.4 Corona Loss Calculation of DC Transmission lines 367
References 370
8 Equipment of UHV Overhead Transmission Lines 372
8.1 Towers 373
8.1.1 Types and Characteristics 373
8.1.1.1 Types 373
8.1.1.2 Design principles and major technical characteristics 375
8.1.2 Design and Optimization of UHV Towers 376
8.1.2.1 Determination of design loads 376
8.1.2.2 Optimization of structure design 376
8.1.3 Foundations 383
8.1.3.1 Foundation by excavation and backfill 383
8.1.3.2 Undisturbed soil foundation 384
8.1.3.3 Expanded pile foundation 384
8.1.3.4 Rock foundation 384
8.1.3.5 Combined foundation 386
8.2 Conductors and Ground Wires 386
8.2.1 Types 386
8.2.1.1 Types of conductors 386
8.2.1.2 Types of ground wires 389
8.2.1.3 New types of conductors for UHV transmission in China 389
8.2.2 Vibration of UHV Overhead Lines 401
8.2.2.1 Aeolian vibration 401
8.2.2.2 Conductor galloping 405
8.2.2.3 Subspan oscillation 408
8.3 Insulators 411
8.3.1 Insulators for UHV AC Overhead Transmission Lines 411
8.3.1.1 Porcelain and glass cap and pin insulators 411
8.3.1.2 Rod suspension composite insulators 412
8.3.2 Insulators Used for UHV DC Overhead Transmission Lines 414
8.3.2.1 Porcelain and glass cap and pin insulators 415
8.3.2.2 Rod suspension composite insulators 416
8.4 Fittings 419
8.4.1 Spacer 419
8.4.2 Suspension Fittings 420
8.4.3 Tension Fittings 422
8.4.4 Shielding Ring and Grading Ring 422
8.4.5 Jumper Fittings 423
References 425
9 UHV Substation and UHV AC Electrical Equipment 426
9.1 UHV Substation 427
9.1.1 Main Electrical Connection Scheme 427
9.1.2 Electrical Equipment 428
9.1.3 Overall Layout 434
9.2 UHV Transformer and Shunt Reactor 440
9.2.1 UHV Transformer 440
9.2.1.1 UHV transformer structure 440
9.2.1.2 Key manufacturing technologies 443
9.2.1.3 Key tests 445
9.2.2 UHV Shunt Reactor 450
9.2.2.1 UHV shunt reactor structure 450
9.2.2.2 Key manufacturing technologies 451
9.2.2.3 Key tests 453
9.2.2.4 UHV stepped controllable shunt reactor 453
9.3 UHV Switchgear 461
9.3.1 UHV GIS 461
9.3.2 UHV Circuit Breaker 465
9.3.2.1 Structural characteristics 465
9.3.2.2 UHV circuit breakers in China 467
9.3.3 UHV Disconnector 469
9.4 UHV Series Compensation Devices 474
9.4.1 Configuration 474
9.4.2 Key Technical Requirements 475
9.4.2.1 Selection of ratings 475
9.4.2.2 Overvoltage suppression and basic design principle 478
9.4.2.3 Major concerns for development of series compensation device and its main components 480
9.5 UHV Surge Arrester 483
9.5.1 Main Roles of UHV Surge Arrester 483
9.5.2 Main Parameters of UHV Surge Arrester 483
9.5.2.1 Rated voltage 484
9.5.2.2 Protective characteristics 484
9.5.2.3 Energy absorption 485
9.5.2.4 Power frequency withstand characteristics 485
9.5.3 Structural Design of UHV Surge Arrester 486
9.5.3.1 Porcelain-housed surge arrester 486
9.5.3.2 Gas-insulated metal-enclosed surge arrester 486
9.6 UHV Post Insulators and Bushings 487
9.6.1 UHV Post Insulators 487
9.6.1.1 Tolerance of form and position 487
9.6.1.2 Electric performance 488
9.6.1.3 Mechanical performance 489
9.6.2 UHV Bushings 489
9.6.2.1 Electric performance 489
9.6.2.2 Mechanical performance 490
9.7 UHV Voltage Transformer and Current Transformer 490
9.7.1 UHV Voltage Transformer 490
9.7.1.1 Types and operating principle 491
9.7.1.2 Accuracy test of UHV voltage transformer 493
9.7.1.3 UHV electronic voltage transformer 494
9.7.2 UHV Current Transformer 495
9.7.2.1 Technical parameters 495
9.7.2.2 Structure 495
9.7.2.3 UHV electronic current transformer 496
9.8 Seismic Resistance of Major Electrical Equipment in UHV Substation 496
9.8.1 Structural Characteristics of UHV Electrical Equipment 496
9.8.2 Studies on Seismic Resistance 497
9.8.3 Seismic Design 498
References 500
10 UHV Converter Station and UHV DC Electrical Equipment 502
10.1 UHV Converter Station 503
10.1.1 DC Main Electrical Connection Scheme 503
10.1.2 AC Main Electrical Connection Scheme 505
10.1.3 General Layout 505
10.2 UHV Converter Valve and Valve Control System 507
10.2.1 UHV Converter Valve 507
10.2.1.1 Valve structure 507
10.2.1.2 Electrical performance 509
10.2.2 UHV Converter Valve Control System 510
10.3 UHV Converter Transformer and Smoothing Reactor 512
10.3.1 UHV Converter Transformer 512
10.3.1.1 Characteristics of UHV converter transformer 513
10.3.1.2 Structure of UHV converter transformer 514
10.3.1.3 Main technical parameters of UHV converter transformer 517
10.3.2 UHV Smoothing Reactor 517
10.3.2.1 Structure and characteristics 517
10.3.2.2 Technical requirements 520
10.4 Filters in UHV Converter Station 522
10.4.1 UHV DC Filter 522
10.4.1.1 DC filter configuration 522
10.4.1.2 DC filter performance requirements 524
10.4.1.3 Parameters of HV capacitors 525
10.4.2 UHV AC Filter 525
10.4.2.1 AC filter configuration 526
10.4.2.2 AC filter performance requirements 528
10.4.2.3 Parameters of HV capacitor 528
10.5 Surge Arresters in UHV Converter Station 529
10.5.1 Types and Characteristics of Arresters 529
10.5.2 Structure of UHV DC Pole Bus Arrester 532
10.6 UHV DC Post Insulators and Bushings 533
10.6.1 Pollution Characteristics of DC Insulators 533
10.6.2 UHV DC Post Insulators 534
10.6.2.1 Structure of post insulator 534
10.6.2.2 Main technical parameters 535
10.6.3 UHV DC Wall Bushing 535
10.6.3.1 Structure and characteristics 536
10.6.3.2 Main technical parameters 537
10.7 DC Switchgears 538
10.7.1 DC Transfer Switches 538
10.7.2 DC Disconnector 540
10.7.3 Bypass Circuit Breaker 542
10.8 UHV DC Measuring Devices 544
10.8.1 DC Current Measuring Devices 544
10.8.1.1 Inductive DC current transformer 544
10.8.1.2 Hybrid-optical DC current transducer 546
10.8.1.3 Optical DC current transducer 546
10.8.2 DC Voltage Measuring Devices 546
10.9 UHV DC Control and Protection Equipment 548
10.9.1 Characteristics 548
10.9.2 Hierarchical Structure 549
References 552
11 Construction of UHV Power Grids in China 554
11.1 Forecast of Power Demands 554
11.1.1 Development Trend of National Economy 554
11.1.2 Power Demand and Its Distribution 556
11.1.3 Power Source Structure and Layout 558
11.1.4 Power Flow Patterns 562
11.2 Options of Transmitting Power from Large Power Bases 567
11.2.1 Overview of Large Power Bases 567
11.2.2 Power Transmission Modes of Large Power Bases 569
11.2.2.1 Principles of selecting transmission mode 570
11.2.2.2 Mode of power transmission for large power bases 571
11.2.3 Relationship Between UHV AC/DC Grid and Large Power Bases 575
11.2.3.1 Relationship between UHV AC/DC grid and power plants 575
11.2.3.2 Relationship between UHV AC/DC grid and safety of power plants 575
11.3 Development Pattern of Power Grids in China 579
11.3.1 Features of Future Power Grids 579
11.3.2 Selection of Grid Development Plans 581
11.3.3 Security Analysis on Grid Development Plans 585
11.3.4 Assessment on Economy of Three-Hua UHV Synchronous Grid 598
11.3.4.1 Approaches and methodologies 598
11.3.4.2 Financial analysis 601
11.3.4.3 Analysis of competitiveness of electricity prices 602
11.3.4.4 Contribution to national economy 603
11.3.5 Social Benefits of Three-Hua UHV Synchronous Grid 604
References 606
12 UHV Engineering Practices in China 608
12.1 UHV AC Transmission Projects 609
12.1.1 1000-kV Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen UHV AC Pilot and Demonstration Project 609
12.1.1.1 Project overview 609
12.1.1.2 Substation and switching station 611
12.1.1.3 Transmission line 612
12.1.1.4 Commissioning and operation 612
12.1.2 1000-kV Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen UHV AC Expansion Project 614
12.1.2.1 Project overview 614
12.1.2.2 Substation 615
12.1.2.3 Commissioning and operation 615
12.1.3 1000-kV Huainan–Shanghai UHV AC Demonstration Project 616
12.1.3.1 Project overview 616
12.1.3.2 Substation 619
12.1.3.3 Transmission line 620
12.1.3.4 Commissioning and operation 621
12.2 UHV DC Transmission Projects 622
12.2.1 Xiangjiaba–Shanghai ±800-kV UHV DC Demonstration Project 622
12.2.1.1 Project overview 622
12.2.1.2 Transmission line 624
12.2.1.3 Technical Data 626
12.2.1.4 Commissioning and operation 627
12.2.2 Jinping–Sunan ±800-kV UHV DC Transmission Project 628
12.2.2.1 Project overview 628
12.2.2.2 Transmission line 630
12.2.2.3 Technical data 632
12.2.2.4 Commissioning and operation 633
12.2.3 Haminan–Zhengzhou ±800-kV UHV DC Transmission Project 633
12.2.3.1 Project overview 633
12.2.3.2 Transmission line 635
12.2.3.3 Technical data 636
12.2.3.4 Commissioning and operation 638
12.3 UHV Test Facilities 638
12.3.1 UHV AC Test Base 638
12.3.2 UHV DC Test Base 645
12.3.3 UHV Tower Test Base 650
12.3.4 Tibet High-Altitude Test Base 653
12.3.5 High-Power Laboratory 655
12.3.6 SGCC Simulation Center 657
12.3.7 R& D Center for Packaged Design of UHV DC Projects
12.4 Standardization of UHV Transmission Technologies 661
12.4.1 Standards System of UHV AC Transmission Technologies 661
12.4.2 Standards System of UHV DC Transmission Technologies 662
12.5 Technological Innovation in UHV Engineering 664
12.5.1 Technological Innovation in UHV AC Engineering 664
12.5.1.1 Technological innovations already made 664
12.5.1.2 Continuous technological innovation 667
12.5.2 Technological Innovation in UHV DC Engineering 673
12.5.2.1 Technological innovations 673
12.5.2.2 Continuous technological innovation 684
12.6 Localization of UHV Equipment and Transport of Large Equipment 695
12.6.1 Manufacturing Capabilities of UHV AC Equipment 695
12.6.2 Manufacturing Capabilities of UHV DC Equipment 697
12.6.3 Transport of Large Equipment 699
References 702
Appendix A: Technical Data of UHV AC Electrical Equipment 704
Appendix B: Technical Data of UHV AC Transmission Lines 714
Appendix C: Main Technical Data of UHV DC Electrical Equipment 718
Appendix D: Technical Data of UHV DC Transmission Lines 726
Appendix E: Standards for UHV AC and DC Transmission Technologies 730
Afterword 742
Index 744
Preface
Zhenya Liu
More than a century since its inception, the world’s power grid technology has seen rapid development, featuring higher voltage levels, more expansive interconnections, and stronger resource allocation capabilities. From the beginning of the 21st century, building a strong and smart grid—a modern grid system capable of allocating electricity across nations or even continents and flexible enough to adapt to renewable energy development and diverse needs—has become the direction and strategic choice for power grid development around the world. The construction of a strong and smart grid plays an essential role in promoting coordinated development of energy, economy, and environment.
1. Security, efficiency, and cleanliness are important goals for energy development
Energy is a basic need to sustain economic and social development. The increasing global resource shortage and worsening climate change have imposed mounting constraints on energy development. How to take advantage of the new round of energy revolution to accelerate the strategic transformation of energy and maintain its secure, efficient, and clean supply is a common challenge faced by all.
Energy is a multidimensional issue that involves policy, technology, market, and environment. To address it properly, energy has to be looked at with a “Grand Energy Vision.” The development mode of energy needs to be transformed with a global vision, sustainable concept, strategic initiatives, and innovative technologies. Its development should be coordinated with that of the economy, society, and environment. Additionally, efforts are needed to promote the transitions of the following dimensions:
• Energy mix: from high carbon to low carbon
• Energy utilization: from extensive to intensive
• Energy allocation: from local to global
• Energy service: from unidirectional to intelligently interactive
Eventually, a secure, efficient, and clean modern energy supply system should be achieved.
Since the twenty-first century, the worldwide development and use of energy has been expanding, and renewable energies have been experiencing a continuous and rapid boom, presenting a significant trend of diversified energy mix. Electricity is a secure, quality, efficient, and clean secondary energy. Using electricity to replace the share of fossil fuels in end-use consumption of energy is already an obvious trend. The power grid is a basic means to transfer electricity, allocate resources, perform market transactions, and serve customers. To realize secure, efficient, and clean energy development, we must fully exploit the functions of the grid in transferring electricity and allocating resources, highlight the central role of electricity, and diversify the mix of primary energy sources. This is the only way to enable sustainable energy development. According to Jeremy Rifkin, author of The Third Industrial Revolution, Internet technology and renewable energy are booming to create a powerful “Third Industrial Revolution,” which would have a profound influence on global development pattern. A strong and smart grid is a prerequisite for the third industrial revolution to be made possible. In recent years, the power grid has been recognized as a worldwide strategic focus for renewable energy development.
2. Ultra-high-voltage grids are a well-justified means to realize a secure, efficient, and clean supply of energy
Against this background, State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), a backbone player in the energy sector, is facing strategic options and serious challenges regarding how to ensure electricity supply and how to maintain sound development of grids.
After carefully studying the nationwide demand on electricity and the geographical mismatch between resources and demand, SGCC proposed a “Grand Energy Vision” and a global perspective to promote technological innovations and concentrate efforts regarding transforming the development mode of energy and electricity. SGCC has launched a “One Ultra Four Large (1U4L)” strategy, which involves accelerating the construction of ultra-high-voltage (UHV) grids and promoting the intensive development of large coal power, large hydropower, large nuclear power, and large renewable power bases. The strategy focuses on “replacing coal and oil with electricity generated from remote sites” using electricity as a replacement to enable sustainability.
The construction of a strong and smart grid with the UHV network as its backbone is a fundamental solution to the underlying conflicts in developing energy and electricity, as well as a pressing task to meet the requirements of extensively developing large energy bases and renewables. The UHV grids will serve to deliver electricity from northwest China, northeast China, west Inner Mongolia, west Sichuan, Tibet, and some other countries to the load centers in east and middle China. As much as 76% of China’s coal resources are located in the north and northwest regions, and 80% of water resources are located in southwest. The onshore wind energies are concentrated in northwest and northeast China, and in the north part of north China. However, more than 70% of China’s energy demands come from the east and middle regions. With major coal explorations being shifted to the west and north, and with large-scale intensive exploitation of hydropower in the west, the development mode of electricity is being quickly transformed from local generation–demand balance to electricity supply by interconnected large grids. The increasing environmental pressure, high transportation costs, and land shortage have determined that east China is no longer an option for extensive deployment of coal-fired power plants, and that China has to find a strategy for its energy and electricity development, which features the transfer of massive electricity over long distances and optimization of allocating resources on a nationwide level. The transmission distance between large energy bases and load centers is usually 1000–3000 km, which is beyond the cost-effective transfer range of a traditional extra-high voltage system. Therefore, the electricity has to be transmitted in large capacity over long distances and consumed in a widespread region, and in an economic and efficient way. By connecting hydropower, wind power, and solar power to large grids featured by UHV grids, we can build a complementary energy allocation platform, boost the use of green and clean energies, and reduce carbon emissions. This is a practical and inevitable choice to build a beautiful China.
3. Innovative practices and prospect of UHV grids
The development of a UHV transmission system has been incorporated into the outlines of the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans, and the Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development (2006–2020), making it an important component of the national energy development strategy.
In January 2009, the Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen 1000-kV UHV AC Pilot Project, which was independently developed, designed, and built by China, was completed and put into commercial operation. This UHV AC system has the world’s highest voltage, largest capacity, and most advanced technologies. In July 2010, the Xiangjiaba–Shanghai ±800-kV UHV DC Pilot Project was completed and put into commercial operation. The commissioning of and stable operation of these UHV AC/UHV DC systems demonstrate the feasibility, safety, economy, and superiority of developing UHV transmission systems. Three years later, SGCC built two more UHV AC systems and two more UHV DC systems, which have been operating stably since they were commissioned.
In April 2011, the UHV AC pilot project won the China Industry Award and was recognized by CIGRE as “a great technical accomplishment.” In February 2013, the research program of “UHV AC Transmission Key Technology, Equipment and Engineering Application” won the Grand National Award for S&T Progress. China owns proprietary intellectual property rights of this technology, and it is the only country that has mastered it. According to the IEC, China’s success in building the UHV AC system with the highest voltage level and largest transfer capacity in the world is “a major milestone in the history of the power industry,” which establishes China’s leading position in the world’s UHV power transmission field.
Accomplishments made in developing UHV grids are a combined result of the central government’s foresight, support from various sectors of the society, and SGCC’s efforts in independent innovation and hard work. China has achieved fruitful results in UHV grid development, including:
• Four test bases (UHV AC, UHV DC, high-altitude, engineering mechanics) and two R&D centers (bulk power system simulation, DC system design) that form a full-fledged research and testing system for UHV and bulk grid, and master core technologies of UHV DC transmission and manufacturing capability of set equipment
• Accomplishing a multitude of world-leading innovations in UHV AC/DC transmission and transformation, control and protection of bulk power system, smart grid, and clean energy...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 11.12.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-802360-0 / 0128023600 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-802360-0 / 9780128023600 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Adobe DRM)Größe: 87,7 MB
Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
EPUB (Adobe DRM)Größe: 24,9 MB
Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: EPUB (Electronic Publication)
EPUB ist ein offener Standard für eBooks und eignet sich besonders zur Darstellung von Belletristik und Sachbüchern. Der Fließtext wird dynamisch an die Display- und Schriftgröße angepasst. Auch für mobile Lesegeräte ist EPUB daher gut geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
