Fluidization Engineering (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fluidization Engineering 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 18
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 20
NOTATION 22
Chapter 1. Introduction 30
Related Readings 42
Chapter 2. Industrial Applications of Fluidized Beds 44
Historical Highlights 44
Physical Operations 48
Synthesis Reactions 56
Combustion and Incineration 71
Carbonization and Gasification 74
Calcination 78
Reactions Involving Solids 80
Biofluidization 86
References 87
Chapter 3. Fluidization and Mapping of Regimes 90
Fixed Beds of Particles 90
Fluidization without Carryover of Particles 97
Types of Gas Fluidization without Carryover 105
Fluidization with Carryover of Particles 109
The Mapping of Fluidization Regimes 117
Problems 120
References 121
Chapter 4. The Dense Bed: Distributors, Gas Jets, and Pumping Power 124
Distributor Types 124
Gas Entry Region of a Bed 127
Gas Jets in Fluidized Beds 130
Pressure Drop Requirements across Distributors 131
Design of Gas Distributors 134
Power Consumption 138
Problems 140
References 141
Chapter 5. Bubbles in Dense Beds 144
Single Rising Bubbles 144
Coalescence and Splitting of Bubbles 155
Bubble Formation above a Distributor 159
Slug Flow 161
Problems 163
References 163
Chapter 6. Bubbling Fluidized Beds 166
Experimental Findings 166
Estimation of Bed Properties 172
Physical Models: Scale-up and Scale-down 181
Flow Models for Bubbling Beds 183
Problems 191
References 193
Chapter 7. Entrainment and Elutriation from Fluidized Beds 194
Freeboard Behavior 194
Location of the Gas Outlet of a Vessel 202
Entrainment from Tall Vessels:Hf> TDH
Entrainment from Short Vessels: Hf< TDH
Problems 219
References 220
Chapter 8. High-Velocity Fluidization 222
Turbulent Fluidized Beds 222
Fast Fluidization 224
The Freeboard-Entrainment Model Applied to Fast Fluidization 230
Pressure Drop in Turbulent and Fast Fluidization 235
Problems 238
References 238
Chapter 9. Solid Movement: Mixing, Segregation,and Staging 240
Vertical Movement of Solids 241
Horizontal Movement of Solids 248
Segregation of Particles 252
Large Solids in Beds of Smaller Particles 255
Staging of Fluidized Beds 257
Leakage of Solids through Distributor Plates 260
Problems 261
References 262
Chapter 10. Gas Dispersion and Gas Interchange in Bubbling Beds 266
Dispersion of Gas in Beds 266
Gas Interchange between Bubble and Emulsion 274
Estimation of Gas Interchange Coefficients 279
Problem 284
References 285
Chapter 11. Particle-to-Gas Mass and Heat Transfer 286
Mass Transfer: Experimental 286
Interpretation of Mass Transfer Coefficients 288
Heat Transfer: Experimental 297
Interpretation of Heat Transfer Coefficients 299
Problems 304
References 305
Chapter 12. Conversion of Gas in Catalytic Reactions 306
Measures of Reaction Rate and Reactor Performance 306
Reactor Model for Fine Particle Bubbling Beds 318
Reactor Model for Bubbling Beds of Intermediate-Sized Particles or umf/emf< ub<
Reactor Model for Large Particle Bubbling Beds 332
Reactor Model for the Freeboard Region above Fluidized Beds 334
Turbulent Bed Reactors 337
Fast Fluidized Bed Reactors 338
Problems 338
References 339
Chapter 13. Heat Transfer between Fluidized Beds and Surfaces 342
Experimental Findings 342
Theoretical Studies 352
Problems 363
References 364
Chapter 14. The RTD and Size Distribution of Solids in Fluidized Beds 366
Particles of Unchanging Size 366
Particles of Changing Size 374
Problems 385
References 386
Chapter 15. Circulation Systems 388
Circuits for the Circulation of Solids 388
Finding Required Circulation Rates 394
Flow of Gas-Solid Mixtures in Downcomers 400
Flow in Pneumatic Transport Lines 412
Practical Considerations 417
Problems 421
References 423
Chapter 16. Design for Physical Operations 426
Information Needed for Design 426
Heat Transfer 427
Mass Transfer 437
Drying of Solids 444
Problems 455
References 456
Chapter 17. Design of Catalytic Reactors 458
Bench-Scale Reactors 458
Pilot-Plant Reactors 459
Design Decisions 460
Deactivating Catalysts 469
Problems 476
References 477
Chapter 18. The Design of Noncatalytic Gas-Solid Reactors 478
Kinetic Models for the Conversion of Solids 479
Conversion of Solids of Unchanging Size 486
Conversion of Shrinking and Growing Particles 493
Conversion of Both Gas and Solids 493
Miscellaneous Extensions 502
Problems 505
References 508
AUTHOR INDEX 510
SUBJECT INDEX 516