Front Cover 1
Related titles 3
Handbook of Flexible Organic Electronics 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
List of contributors 12
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials 14
Part One Properties and materials 18
1 - Mechanics of curvature and strain in flexible organic electronic devices 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 Stress and strain analyses 21
1.3 Failure under tensile stress 31
1.4 Failure under compressive stress 34
1.5 Mechanical test methods 36
1.6 Toward compliant and stretchable electronics 42
1.7 Conclusions 44
Acknowledgements 45
References 45
1. Appendix: Nomenclature 53
2 - Structural and electronic properties of fullerene-based organic materials: density functional theory-based calculations 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Theoretical background 55
2.3 Structural transformations of fullerenes based on DFT calculations 58
2.4 Prototype impurities in fullerene crystals and electronic effects 64
2.5 Summary and future trends 70
References 71
3 - Hybrid and nanocomposite materials for flexible organic electronics applications 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Production methods 78
3.3 Properties 83
3.4 Limitations 85
3.5 Electronics applications 87
3.6 Future trends 90
3.7 Sources of further information and advice 91
Acknowledgements 91
References 91
4 - Organic polymeric semiconductor materials for applications in photovoltaic cells 102
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Polymeric electron donors for bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic solar cells 103
4.3 Fullerene and polymeric-based electron acceptors for bulk heterojunction photovoltaic solar cells 117
4.4 Hybrid structures of polymer, copolymer semiconductors with carbon nanostructures 126
4.5 Conclusions 130
References 131
Part Two Technologies 138
5 - High-barrier films for flexible organic electronic devices 140
5.1 Introduction 140
5.2 Encapsulation of flexible OEs 140
5.3 Permeability mechanisms through barrier materials 143
5.4 Permeation measurement techniques 145
5.5 Advances in high-barrier materials 146
5.6 Conclusions 155
Acknowledgements 156
References 156
6 - Advanced interconnection technologies for flexible organic electronic systems 160
6.1 Introduction 160
6.2 Materials and processes 162
6.3 Reliability 175
6.4 Summary and future trends 182
Acknowledgements 184
References 184
7 - Roll-to-roll printing and coating techniques for manufacturing large-area flexible organic electronics 188
7.1 Introduction 188
7.2 Printing techniques 189
7.3 Coating techniques 199
7.4 Specialist coating techniques 201
7.5 Encapsulation techniques 204
7.6 Applications 206
7.7 Future trends 208
References 209
8 - Integrated printing for 2D/3D flexible organic electronic devices 216
8.1 Introduction 216
8.2 Fundamentals of inkjet printing 217
8.3 Electronic inks 223
8.4 Vertically integrated inkjet-printed electronic passive components 225
8.5 Conclusions 231
References 231
9 - In situ characterization of organic electronic materials using X-ray techniques 234
9.1 Introduction 234
9.2 Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction 235
9.3 Temperature-dependent studies 236
9.4 In situ X-ray studies 237
9.5 Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 241
References 241
10 - In-line monitoring and quality control of flexible organic electronic materials 244
10.1 Introduction 244
10.2 Fundamentals of spectroscopic ellipsometry 246
10.3 Characterization of organic electronic nanomaterials 252
10.4 Conclusions and future trends 264
Acknowledgements 264
References 265
11 - Optimization of active nanomaterials and transparent electrodes using printing and vacuum processes 270
11.1 Introduction 270
11.2 Optimization of r2r printed active nanomaterials and electrodes 271
11.3 Combination of wet and vacuum techniques for OEs 291
11.4 Future trends 295
Acknowledgements 296
References 297
12 - Laser processing of flexible organic electronic materials 302
12.1 Introduction 302
12.2 The physics of laser interaction with thin films 303
12.3 Laser systems and sources 306
12.4 Beam delivery assembly 310
12.5 Laser modification of materials and C surfaces 314
12.6 Laser ablation processes 317
12.7 Laser printing 321
12.8 Conclusions and future trends 323
Acknowledgements 325
References 325
13 - Flexible organic electronic devices on metal foil substrates for lighting, photovoltaic, and other applications 332
13.1 Introduction 332
13.2 Substrate selection 335
13.3 Substrate preparation 338
13.4 TFTs for displays on metal foil 343
13.5 OLED lighting and photovoltaics on metal foil 350
13.6 Future trends 352
References 353
Part Three Applications 360
14 - Smart integrated systems and circuits using flexible organic electronics: automotive applications 362
14.1 Introduction 362
14.2 Materials for integrated systems 363
14.3 Manufacturing processes 374
14.4 Automotive applications 382
14.5 Conclusions 389
References 390
15 - Chemical sensors using organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) 392
15.1 Introduction 392
15.2 Gas and vapour sensors 393
15.3 Humidity sensors 395
15.4 pH detection 397
15.5 Glucose detection 400
15.6 Deoxyribonucleic acid detection 404
15.7 Conclusions 411
References 411
16 - Microfluidic devices using flexible organic electronic materials 414
16.1 Introduction 414
16.2 Microfluidics and electronics 414
16.3 Materials and fabrication techniques 416
16.4 Device examples 421
16.5 Summary 426
16.6 Future trends 427
Acknowledgements 427
References 428
17 - Two-terminal organic nonvolatile memory (ONVM) devices 430
17.1 Introduction 430
17.2 Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based 2T-ONVM structures 434
17.3 Conclusion 442
References 443
18 - Printed, flexible thin-film-batteries and other power storage devices 446
18.1 Introduction 446
18.2 The development of printed batteries 448
18.3 Basic design of printed batteries 450
18.4 Printing technologies and challenges 452
18.5 Properties of printed batteries 459
18.6 Conclusions and future trends 463
Appendix: Patent applications on printed batteries 463
References 463
Index 466
Color Plates 480